00473nas a2200145   4500008004100000245006600041210006500107260001700172300001200189100001900201700002300220700001800243700001800261856004800279       2015                        eng d00aModelling Complexity for Policy: Opportunities and Challenges0 aModelling Complexity for Policy Opportunities and Challenges  bEdward Elgar  a205-2201 aEdmonds, Bruce1 aGershenson, Carlos1 aGeyer, Robert1 aCairney, Paul  uhttp://turing.iimas.unam.mx/sos/?q=node/15602379nas a2200181   4500008004100000245013300041210006900174260003900243300001400282490001400296520175600310100001902066700002302085700001802108700001602126700002002142856003502162       2012                        eng d00aLearning, Social Intelligence and the {Turing} Test - why an ``out-of-the-box" {Turing} Machine will not pass the {Turing} Test.0 aLearning Social Intelligence and the Turing Test why an outofthe  aBerlin HeidelbergbSpringer-Verlag  a182–1920 v7318/20123 aThe Turing Test (TT) checks for human intelligence, rather than any putative general intelligence. It involves repeated interaction requiring learning in the form of adaption to the human conversation partner. It is a macro-level post-hoc test in contrast to the definition of a Turing Machine (TM), which is a prior micro-level definition. This raises the question of whether learning is just another computational process, i.e. can be implemented as a TM. Here we argue that learning or adaption is fundamentally different from computation, though it does involve processes that can be seen as computations. To illustrate this difference we compare (a) designing a TM and (b) learning a TM, defining them for the purpose of the argument. We show that there is a well-defined sequence of problems which are not effectively designable but are learnable, in the form of the bounded halting problem. Some characteristics of human intelligence are reviewed including it's: interactive nature, learning abilities, imitative tendencies, linguistic ability and context-dependency. A story that explains some of these is the Social Intelligence Hypothesis. If this is broadly correct, this points to the necessity of a considerable period of acculturation (social learning in context) if an artificial intelligence is to pass the TT. Whilst it is always possible to 'compile' the results of learning into a TM, this would not be a designed TM and would not be able to continually adapt (pass future TTs). We conclude three things, namely that: a purely "designed" TM will never pass the TT; that there is no such thing as a general intelligence since it necessary involves learning; and that learning/adaption and computation should be clearly distinguished.1 aEdmonds, Bruce1 aGershenson, Carlos1 aCooper, Barry1 aDawar, Anuj1 aLöwe, Benedikt  uhttp://arxiv.org/abs/1203.337601387nam a2200133   4500008004100000245003000041210003000071260003200101520100900133100002301142700002001165700001901185856004901204       2007                        eng d00aPhilosophy and Complexity0 aPhilosophy and Complexity  aSingaporebWorld Scientific3 aScientific, technological, and cultural changes have always had an impact upon philosophy. They can force a change in the way we perceive the world, reveal new kinds of phenomena to be understood, and provide new ways of understanding phenomena. Complexity science, immersed in a culture of information, is having a diverse but particularly significant impact upon philosophy. Previous ideas do not necessarily sit comfortably with the new paradigm, resulting in new ideas or new interpretations of old ideas. In this unprecedented interdisciplinary volume, researchers from different backgrounds join efforts to update thinking upon philosophical questions with developments in the scientific study of complex systems. The contributions focus on a wide range of topics, but share the common goal of increasing our understanding and improving our descriptions of our complex world. This revolutionary debate includes contributions from leading experts, as well as young researchers proposing fresh ideas.1 aGershenson, Carlos1 aAerts, Diederik1 aEdmonds, Bruce  uhttp://www.worldscibooks.com/chaos/6372.html