@article {Gershenson:2011a,
	title = {Self-organization leads to supraoptimal performance in public transportation systems},
	journal = {{PLoS ONE}},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {e21469},
	abstract = {The performance of public transportation systems affects a large part of the population. Current theory assumes that passengers are served optimally when vehicles arrive at stations with regular intervals. In this paper, it is shown that self-organization can improve the performance of public transportation systems beyond the theoretical optimum by responding adaptively to local conditions. This is possible because of a {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}slower-is-faster{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} effect, where passengers wait more time at stations but total travel times are reduced. The proposed self-organizing method uses {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}antipheromones{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} to regulate headways, which are inspired by the stigmergy (communication via environment) of some ant colonies.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0021469},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021469},
	author = {Carlos Gershenson}
}
