01372nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245005300055210004700108490000600155520086900161100001901030700003401049700001601083700002301099856009201122       2014                        eng d  a2296-914400aThe Past, Present, and Future of Artificial Life0 aPast Present and Future of Artificial Life0 v13 a<p>For millennia people have wondered what makes the living different from the non-living. Beginning in the mid-1980s, artificial life has studied living systems using a synthetic approach: build life in order to understand it better, be it by means of software, hardware, or wetware. This review provides a summary of the advances that led to the development of artificial life, its current research topics, and open problems and opportunities. We classify artificial life research into fourteen themes: origins of life, autonomy, self-organization, adaptation (including evolution, development, and learning), ecology, artificial societies, behavior, computational biology, artificial chemistries, information, living technology, art, and philosophy. Being interdisciplinary, artificial life seems to be losing its boundaries and merging with other fields.</p>
1 aAguilar, Wendy1 aBonfil, Guillermo, Santamarí1 aFroese, Tom1 aGershenson, Carlos  uhttp://www.frontiersin.org/computational_intelligence/10.3389/frobt.2014.00008/abstract