Complexity Digest 2002.02

14-Jan-2002

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Content

  1. SNPs as Windows on Evolution, The Scientist
  2. Yes, Biologically Speaking, Sex Does Matter, The Scientist
    1. Visual Spatial Memory Is Enhanced In Female Rats (But Inhibited In Males) By Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens, BMC Neuroscience
  3. In Our Genes (ADHD), PNAS
    1. Evidence Of Positive Selection Acting At The Human Dopamine Receptor D4 Gene Locus, PNAS
  4. Cloned Pigs May Help Overcome Rejection, Science
  5. Evolutionary Speed Limits Inferred From The Fossil Record, Nature
  6. Carnivorous Plants: Mass March Of Termites Into The Deadly Trap, Nature
  7. Ageing: The Price Of Tumour Suppression?, Nature
    1. Cancer-Proof Mice Age Prematurely, Nature
    2. Cancer-Stalling System Accelerates Aging, Science
  8. Squeak First, Mouse Communication Suggests Language Has Deep Roots, Nature
    1. Mice And Humans Perceive Multiharmonic Communications Sound In The Same Way, PNAS
  9. Time-Order Effects For Aesthetic Preference, Proc. Int. Society of Psychophysics
  10. Interdependencies In The Spontaneous EEG While Listening To Music, Int. J. Psychophysiology
    1. Universality In The Brain While Listening To Music, Proc.Royal Society Lond. Bio. Sc.
  11. The Physics Of The Trading Floor, Nature
  12. How To Attain Maximum Profit In Minority Game?, arXiv
    1. Self-Segregation vs. Clustering in the Evolutionary Minority Game, arXiv
  13. The Enron Post-Mortem, NY Times
  14. Nanotech Fine-Tuning, Wired News
  15. Bose-Einstein Condensation: Breaking Up A Superfluid, Nature
    1. Quantum Phase Transition From A Superfluid To A Mott Insulator In A Gas Of Ultracold Atoms, Nature
  16. Solid Stops Light, Nature Science Update
  17. The Quest for Population III, Science
  18. CMOS Integrated Circuit For Biosensor Applications, Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
    1. Tampa Crash Raises Serious Security Questions, CNN
    2. Spotting Dangerous Pilots Hard For Flight Schools, CNN
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Special Announcement: Dean LeBaron's Virtual Book Party!
    2. Santa Fe Institute Working Papers
    3. Other Papers
    4. Conference Announcements

  1. SNPs as Windows on Evolution, The Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Single nucleotide polymorphisms--variants in DNA sequences better known as SNPs and pronounced snips--provide a shortcut to comparing genes and genomes within and among species. The need to study SNPs has spawned a number of companies aimed at matching SNP patterns to disease risks. A few other organizations, however, are taking a broader view: mining SNPs for clues to human diversity and evolution. (...)

    The idea behind TAED [The Adaptive Evolution Database, Ed.] is that nonsynonymous SNPs that natural selection has retained mark key events in evolution.

    Editor's Note: The fact that some SNPs are synonymous (do not affect fitness) while others are non-synonymous (are exposed to selection pressure) allows a very detailed view of genetic evolution at different time-scales.


  2. Yes, Biologically Speaking, Sex Does Matter, The Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The goal of the April 2001 IOM [Institute of Medicine , Ed.] report is to promote study of sex differences at the cellular and genetic levels, going beyond the hormonal. One of the report's recommendations is to have the sexes considered as a basic variable at all levels of biomedical and health-related research, instead of a field unto itself. But this can't happen until journals start asking authors to report differences between sexes in their articles, an IOM report recommendation. (...)

    In her field of autoimmune diseases, a huge difference exists in the penetrance of disease between men and women.

    Editor's Note: It is surprising that in the health related peer reviewed research literature apparently results can be published without controlling for some apparently obvious factors such as the gender of the subjects. Similarly it seem that phase conditions such as the time of the day when a drug is administered are not reported in a publication.


    1. Visual Spatial Memory Is Enhanced In Female Rats (But Inhibited In Males) By Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens, BMC Neuroscience Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: In learning and memory tasks, requiring visual spatial memory (VSM), males exhibit superior performance to females (a difference attributed to the hormonal influence of estrogen). This study examined the influence of phytoestrogens (estrogen-like plant compounds) on VSM, utilizing radial arm-maze methods to examine varying aspects of memory. Additionally, brain phytoestrogen, calbindin (CALB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels were determined. (...)

      These findings suggest that dietary soy derived phytoestrogens can influence learning and memory and alter the expression of proteins involved in neural protection and inflammation in rats.


  3. In Our Genes (ADHD), PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) locus may be a model system for understanding the relationship between genetic variation and human cultural diversity. It has been the subject of intense interest in psychiatry, because bearers of one variant are at increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (1). A survey of world frequencies of DRD4 alleles has shown striking differences among populations (2), with population differences greater than those of most neutral markers.

    (...) [ADHD} has probably been present in our ancestors for hundreds of thousands or even millions of years.

    Editor's Note: The authors also discuss conditions, under which the "disorder" might have been of an evolutionary advantage and that it occurs more frequently among populations that left their traditional homeland to and migrated to new, unexplored locations.

    • In Our Genes, Henry Harpending, Gregory Cochran, PNAS 2002 99: 10-12

    1. Evidence Of Positive Selection Acting At The Human Dopamine Receptor D4 Gene Locus, PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Associations have been reported of the seven-repeat (7R) allele of the human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene with both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the personality trait of novelty seeking. (...)., suggesting that this allele is at least 5-10-fold "younger" than the common 4R allele. Based on an observed bias toward nonsynonymous amino acid changes, the unusual DNA sequence organization, (...), we propose that this allele originated as a rare mutational event that nevertheless increased to high frequency in human populations by positive selection.


  4. Cloned Pigs May Help Overcome Rejection, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: A team of researchers has created four cloned piglets that lack one copy of a gene that causes pig organs to be rejected by the human immune system. The work, published online this week by Science, brings researchers halfway to their goal of producing live pigs lacking both copies of the gene and puts the team ahead of a pack of companies, one of which has just welcomed the birth of knockout pigs, that are pursuing the same goal.

    Abstract: The presence of galactose -1,3-galactose residues on the surface of pig cells is a major obstacle to successful xenotransplantation. Here, we report the production of four live pigs in which one allele of the -1,3-galactosyltransferase locus has been knocked out. These pigs, were produced by nuclear transfer technology based on clonal fetal fibroblast cell lines as nuclear donors for embryos reconstructed with enucleated pig oocytes.


  5. Evolutionary Speed Limits Inferred From The Fossil Record, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The dynamics of extinction and diversification determine the long-term effects of extinction episodes. If rapid bursts of extinction are offset by equally rapid bursts of diversification, their biodiversity consequences will be transient. But if diversification rates cannot accelerate rapidly enough, pulses of extinction will lead to long-lasting depletion of biodiversity. (...) diversification rates are markedly less variable than extinction rates at wavelengths shorter than roughly 25 million years. This implies that there are intrinsic speed limits that constrain how rapidly diversification rates can accelerate in response to pulses of extinction.

  6. Carnivorous Plants: Mass March Of Termites Into The Deadly Trap, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Carnivorous pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes are not usually very selective about their prey, catching anything that is careless enough to walk on their slippery peristome, but Nepenthes albomarginata is an exception. We show here that this plant uses a fringe of edible white hairs to lure and then trap its prey, which consists exclusively of termites in enormous numbers. This singular feature accounts for the specialization of N. albomarginata for one prey taxon, unique so far among carnivorous plants.

  7. Ageing: The Price Of Tumour Suppression?, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The p53 protein works to suppress cancer, so one might think that bumping up the levels of this protein would be a good idea. But this isn't so - mice with too much p53 age prematurely.

    (...) When fully functional, p53 works to suppress the development of tumors, and current thinking suggests that it does so by affecting how cells respond to damage. (...). When p53 is mutated, cells cannot respond correctly to stress and are predisposed to becoming cancerous.


    1. Cancer-Proof Mice Age Prematurely, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Too much of a cancer-preventing protein causes mice to age prematurely, researchers have found. The result suggests that mammals may have to strike a balance between stamping out cancer and succumbing to old age1.

      This is the first time that the p53 protein has been implicated in ageing. This protein is one of the cell's main defences, carrying out many functions to stop cells becoming cancerous, including halting cell division, repairing damaged DNA and triggering cell death.


    2. Cancer-Stalling System Accelerates Aging, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: A mechanism that thwarts deadly tumors might come with a major drawback. Overactive p53--a protein that foils potentially cancerous cells--causes symptoms of old age and hastens death in mice, molecular biologists report in the 3 January issue of Nature. The work suggests a trade-off between cancer prevention and sustained vigor.


  8. Squeak First, Mouse Communication Suggests Language Has Deep Roots, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: The squeaks made by baby mice in the nest are similar to some human infant sounds, new research suggests, hinting that linguistic communication may be based on mechanisms that evolved long ago.

    Günter Ehret and Sabine Riecke of the University of Ulm, Germany, recorded the wriggling calls baby mice emit when struggling to reach their mother's teat or falling out of the nest. Mother mice respond to some calls by nest building, changing position or licking pups.


    1. Mice And Humans Perceive Multiharmonic Communications Sound In The Same Way, PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Vowels and voiced consonants of human speech and most mammalian vocalizations consist of harmonically structured sounds. The frequency contours of formants in the sounds determine their spectral shape and timbre and carry, in human speech, important phonetic and prosodic information to be communicated. (...) Thus, wriggling-call perception in mice is comparable with unconditioned vowel discrimination and perception in prelinguistic human infants and points to evolutionary old rules of handling speech sounds in the human auditory system up to the perceptual level.


  9. Time-Order Effects For Aesthetic Preference, Proc. Int. Society of Psychophysics Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Contributing Editor's Note: Time-order error (TOE) comes into play when one has to make comparisons of successive stimuli. A positive TOE occur when out of two equally pleasant excerpts- second is preferred, opposite situation causes a negative TOE. The experiments, carried on nearly 30 volunteers for color and jingle sound patterns are reported below. Even word order have effect on choices. For example, responses to market research questions such as ¡§Would you prefer to get seven free e-mail addresses or 30% increased connection speed?¡¨ could depend on the order of the alternatives. In particular, the choice might be more influenced by the second alternative than of the first, and therefore biased by TOE.

    Abstract: Participants compared successive color patterns (Exp. 1) or jingles (Exp. 2), selecting the preferred one. Results were well described by sensation-weighting model, with a greater weight for the second stimulus than for the first. Mean time-order errors were negative, which can be explained as a consequence of this stimulus weighting and of a reference level for aesthetic attractiveness, lower than that of the average stimulus; this level seems to reflect the low aesthetic value of the visual or auditory stimulus background.


  10. Interdependencies In The Spontaneous EEG While Listening To Music, Int. J. Psychophysiology Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Contributing Editor's Note: The goal of the paper is to investigate the connectivity patterns of the brain while performing different cognitive tasks, here, processing of music. The complex behavior of the neuronal interactions at various levels are of non-linear nature. For this, a new non-linear measure is employed by the authors which is able to detect the interdependencies of non-linear and asymmetric nature between cortical areas. Similarity index or S.I., as used by the authors, can be used to EEG studies in higher cognitive functions

    Abstract: We studied the patterns of interdependency between different brain regions during the performance of higher cognitive functions. Our goal was to check the existence in these patterns of both task-related differences e.g. listening to music vs. rest and training-related differences musicians vs. non-musicians. For this purpose, a non-linear measure, called similarity index S.I., was used to detect asymmetric interdependencies between different brain regions by means of EEG signals. Relatively active and passive regions of the brain were (...). We conclude that the new measure can be successfully applied for studying the dynamical co-operation between cortical areas during higher cognitive functioning.


    1. Universality In The Brain While Listening To Music, Proc.Royal Society Lond. Bio. Sc. Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Contributing Editor's Note: A newly developed approach called `cumulative variation amplitude analysis¡¦ is employed for analyzing spontaneous EEGs recorded during several cognitive tasks. This method is a combination of the wavelet and Hilbert transforms and is suitable for the analysis of non-stationary signals. The authors conclude that any local findings in EEG should not be interpreted as only being due to the underlying local morphological and functional properties, but have to be seen as the involvement of the global brain in this act of thinking.

      Abstract: The human brain, which is one of the most complex organic systems, involves billions of interacting physiological and chemical processes (...). In this paper, a method that is suitable for non-stationary signals and preserving the phase characteristic s and that combines wavelet and Hilbert transforms was applied to multivariate EEG signals from human subjects at rest as well as in different cognitive states : listening to music, listening to text and performing spatial imagination. It was found that, if suitably rescaled, the gamma band EEG over distributed brain areas while listening to music can be described by a universal and homogeneous scaling.


  11. The Physics Of The Trading Floor, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Future behaviour of a market, say the textbooks, depends only on events in the real world, such as the profits and losses made by individual companies. So studying patterns in today's trading will not reveal the course of tomorrow's.

    But many economists have long suspected that the textbooks are not telling the whole story. Some have argued that past trading does seem to have subtle effects on future fluctuations. Others in the new field of 'behavioural economics' suggest that the irrational psychology of investors lies behind these trends.


  12. How To Attain Maximum Profit In Minority Game?, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: What is the physical origin of player cooperation in minority game? And how to obtain maximum global wealth in minority game? We answer the above questions by studying a variant of minority game from which players choose among Nc alternatives according to strategies picked from a restricted set of strategy space. Our numerical experiment concludes that player cooperation is the result of a suitable size of sampling in the available strategy space. Hence, the overall performance of the game can be improved by suitably adjusting the strategy space size.

    1. Self-Segregation vs. Clustering in the Evolutionary Minority Game, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: Complex adaptive systems have been the subject of much recent attention. It is by now well- established that members (`agents') tend to self-segregate into opposing groups characterized by extreme behavior. However, while di erent social and biological systems manifest di erent payo s, the study of such adaptive systems has mostly been restricted to simple situations in which the prize-to- ne ratio, R, equals unity. In this Letter we explore the dynamics of evolving populations with various di erent values of the ratio R, and demonstrate that extreme behavior is in fact not a generic feature of adaptive systems. In particular, we show that "confusion" and "indecisiveness" take over in times of depression, in which case cautious agents perform better than extreme ones.


  13. The Enron Post-Mortem, NY Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Enron is only the latest and most dramatic instance of an accounting firm's failing to protect the public from largely fictional financial reporting by a major company. The accounting industry insists it can regulate itself, but the evidence points to the contrary. Firms have placed themselves in an untenable conflict of interest by providing the same companies they audit on behalf of the public with an array of consulting services. Congress ought to pass legislation to bar such conflicts.

  14. Nanotech Fine-Tuning, Wired News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The versatility of carbon nanotubes, those sheets of graphite rolled into long tubes mere nanometers in diameter, has long been trumpeted. But until recently no one knew the nanotube was like a trombone.

    (...) nanotubes can be tuned with the movement of molecules [C60 Bucky balls] rolling around inside -- like a trombone changes its pitch with the up and down motion of its slide. These adjustable electric properties offer a new kind of tunable circuit component, one that will join regular, unfilled nanotubes as the great multi-purpose device of the nanometer-sized world.


  15. Bose-Einstein Condensation: Breaking Up A Superfluid, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Ultracold atoms held in a three-dimensional pattern by a web of light beams can now be switched from a superfluid to an insulating state. This achievement may be useful for performing quantum computations.

    At extremely low temperatures of less than one-hundred-millionth of a degree above absolute zero (10 nanokelvin), the atoms in a rubidium gas essentially all join into a single quantum state to form a Bose-Einstein condensate. In such a condensate the atoms can flow without friction, and so the gas is a superfluid.


    1. Quantum Phase Transition From A Superfluid To A Mott Insulator In A Gas Of Ultracold Atoms, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: For a system at a temperature of absolute zero, all thermal fluctuations are frozen out, while quantum fluctuations prevail. These microscopic quantum fluctuations can induce a macroscopic phase transition in the ground state of a many-body system (...). Here we observe such a quantum phase transition in a Bose-Einstein condensate with repulsive interactions, held in a three-dimensional optical lattice potential. As the potential depth of the lattice is increased, a transition is observed from a superfluid to a Mott insulator phase.

  16. Solid Stops Light, Nature Science Update Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The pulse is effectively held within the solid, ready to be released at a later stage.

    This trick could be used to store information in a quantum computer.

    (...) Stationary light pulses can encode information in more sophisticated ways that use the laws of quantum mechanics, making information processing more powerful.

    Light (...) was first stopped in its tracks at the beginning of last year. In that experiment, a vapour of metal atoms cooled close to absolute zero was shown to act like molasses on a passing light beam.


  17. The Quest for Population III, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: (...) the brilliance of the big bang faded to a black murk for at least 100 million years. Gravity pulled gas into clumps, but nothing shone. Then, somewhere, the nuclear fires of the first star cast light into the void. That event marked the end of what Cambridge University astronomer Martin Rees calls the cosmic "dark ages," and it started a cycle of star birth and death that transformed a simple broth of gas into the complex stew of elements we see today.

  18. CMOS Integrated Circuit For Biosensor Applications, Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: This paper presents a study on various CMOS circuit and system design techniques for ISFET-based biosensor applications including H+ sensing and hand-held pH meter implementation. Based on constant-current and constant-voltage (CCCV) techniques, the conventional floating gate and bridge-type floating source testing configurations for H+ sensing have been compared. Low voltage (1.5V/3V/5V) analog front-end readout circuits for ISFET sensors and the succeeding dual-slope A/D converter have been fabricated in a 0.5mm double-poly and double-metal CMOS technology. For hand-held pH meter implementation, digital processing modules have been realized by using on-chip digital control circuits and a single-chip 89C51 controller. The key functions of digital processing contain two-point calibration, code converter and LCD display driver. Measurements have been shown that low voltage CMOS circuits present acceptable performance including linearity and flexibility for ISFET-based pH sensing system applications.

  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Flight instructors said little can be done to avert a repeat of what happened in Tampa. One aviator called the incident a "breach of trust" more than a security breach.

    1. Tampa Crash Raises Serious Security Questions, CNN Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Few flight schools have security measures in place that could have averted a Florida teen-ager who crashed a small plane into a skyscraper. Instructors say even with the heightened awareness after the September attacks, there is little they can do to identify a dangerous would-be pilot, though some are reviewing their procedures anew. (...)

      A Coast Guard helicopter and two military jets pursued him before he finally crashed near the 28th floor of the 42-story Bank of America building. No one inside the building was injured.


    2. Spotting Dangerous Pilots Hard For Flight Schools, CNN Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Editor's Note: For more than ten years it had been recognized that there is not much that can be done to detect, intercept or stop a small airplane. This fact has been exploited by illegal drug traffickers for years. The suicide mission of the Florida teenager (fortunately without any explosives on board) made this risk to homeland security dramatically visible.


  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Special Announcement: Dean LeBaron's Virtual Book Party! Next Article Bookmark and Share

      You are invited to a first... a virtual global book party - one week of online presence beginning January 23, 2002. We'll be celebrating the publication of 3 books by John Wiley & Sons, New York during the month of December 2001:

      The party will be at http://www.comdig.de/ComDig02-02/www.deanlebaron.com/bookparty,


    2. Santa Fe Institute Working Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Computation with Switching Map Systems: Nonlinearity and Computational Complexity , Yuzuru Sato, Makoto Taiji, and Takashi Ikegami , SFI WP 01-12-083
      >2. Distributing Intelligence and Organizing Diversity in New Media Projects , Monique Girard and David Stark , SFI WP 01-12-082
      >3. Pathways of Property Transformation: Enterprise Network Careers in Hungary, 1988-2000 , David Stark and Balázs Vedres , SFI WP 01-12-081
      >4. Money and the Monetization of Credit , Martin Shubik , SFI WP 01-12-080
      >5. Two-Tiered Evolution of Neiserria meningitis: How Within-Host Ecology and Between-Host Epidemiology Expedite Phase Shifting , Lauren W. Ancel, Bruce R. Levin, Anthony R. Richardson, and igor Stojiljkovic , SFI WP 01-12-079
      >6. Applying Network Theory to Epidemics: Control Measures for Outbreaks of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae , Lauren W. Ancel, M. E. J. Newman, Michael Martin, and Stephanie Schrag , SFI WP 01-12-078
      >7. Community Structure in Social and Biological Networks , Michelle Girvan and M. E. J. Newman , SFI WP 01-12-077
      >8. Large Extinctions in an Evolutionary Model: The Role of Innovation and Keystone Species , Sanjay Jain and Sandeep Krishna , SFI WP 01-12-076
      >9. Crashes, Recoveries, and 'Core-Shifts' in a Model of Evolving Networks , Sanjay Jain and Sandeep Krishna , SFI WP 01-12-075
      >10. Variations on the Theme of Scarf's Counter-Example , Alok Kumar, Martin Shubik , SFI WP 01-12-074
      >11. Exact Solutions of Epidemic Models on Networks , M. E. J. Newman , SFI WP 01-12-073
      >12. Interacting Agents and Continuous Opinions Dynamics , Gérard Weisbuch, Guillaume Deffuant, Frederic Amblard, Jean Pierre Nadal , SFI WP 01-11-072
      >13. Self Organized Critical Traffic in Parallel Computer Networks , Sergi Valverde, Ricard V. Solé , SFI WP 01-11-071
      >14. Almost All Graphs of Degree 4 are 3-colorable , Dimitris Achlioptas, Cristopher Moore , SFI WP 01-11-070

    3. Other Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share


    4. Conference Announcements Bookmark and Share

      1. Complex Systems, Modeling Nonlinear Natural and Human Systems, Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences, HICSS-35, Hawaii, 02/01/07-10
      2. 1st Biennial Seminar on Philosophical, Methodological & Epistemological Implications of Complexity Theory, La Habana, Cuba, 02/01/07-11
      3. Topics in Nonlinear Dynamics, Collective Phenomena and Complexity: Dynamical Model Formulation, Analysis and Symmetry, Canberra, Australia, 02/01/21-02/01
      4. Managing Complex Health Care Organizations In A Complex World, NECSI, Cambridge, MA, 02/02/04-05
      5. 1st annual Conference on the Convergence of Nano- and Bio- Technology, San Diego, CA, 02/02/11-12
      6. Technology, Entertainment and Design (TED 12), Monterey, CA, 02/02/20-23
      7. ASPS [American Studies Project at Skeria] Seminar, Globalization and Business Cultures, Skellefteå, Sweden, 02/02/15-
      8. Physik Sozio-Oekonomischer Systeme, German Phys Soc, Regensburg, Germany, 02/03/11-15
      9. Capturing Business Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation, SFI, Argonne National Laboratory, Il. 02/03/04-08
      10. AIS'2002: Towards Component-Based Modeling and Simulation, Lisbon, Portugal, 02/04/07-10
      11. Modeling & Simulation of Microsystems (MSM 2002) & Intl. Conf on Comp Nano Science (ICCN 2002), San Juan, Puerto Rico, 02/04/22-25
      12. World Conference NL 2002 - Networked Learning in a Global Environment: Challenges and Solutions for Virtual Education, Berlin, Germany, 02/05/01-04
      13. International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS2002), NECSI, Nashua, NH, 02/06/9-14
      14. International Conference SocioPhysics, ZIF - Bielefeld, Germany, 02/06/06-09
      15. 2nd International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL'02), MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA, 02/06/12-15
      16. 7th International Conference on Music Perception & Cognition - ICMPC7, Sydney, 02/07/17-21
      17. Self-Organisation and Evolution of Social Behaviour, Monte Verità, Switzerland, 02/09/08-13
      18. Complex Systems (CS02) Complexity with Agent-based Modelling, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 02/09/10-12
      19. 3rd Intl NAISO Symposium on Engineering Of Intelligent Systems (EIS 20020), Malaga, Spain, 02/09/24-27
      20. ACRI 2002, 5th Intl Conf on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry, Geneva, Switzerland, 02/10/09-11
      21. Artificial Life VIII, UNSW, Sydney, Australia, 02/12/09-13


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