Complexity Digest 2002.10

11-Mar-2002

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Content

  1. Predicting the Unpredictable, Harvard Business Review
  2. The Evolution Of Cooking: A Talk With Richard Wrangham, EdgeVideo
  3. Human Spermatozoa: The Future Of Sex, Nature
  4. Scientists Develop Plastic That Mends Itself, NYTimes
  5. The Corner Internet Network vs. the Cellular Giants, NYTimes
  6. Lord of the Hackers, NYTimes
  7. Overcoming Language Barriers On The Internet, Alphagalileo
  8. 'Earth Simulator' Puts Japan on the Cutting Edge, Science
  9. Reverse Engineering of Biological Complexity, Science
    1. Systems Biology: A Brief Overview, Science
    2. Whole-istic Biology, Science
  10. Gifted Few Make Order Out Of Chaos, New Scientist
  11. Event Synchronization: A Simple And Fast Method To Measure Synchronicity And Time Delay Patterns, arXiv
  12. Neural Mechanisms Of Planning: A Computational Analysis Using Event-Related fMRI, PNAS
    1. Neural Correlates Of Decisions, Current Opinion in Neurobiology
  13. Brain Potential And Functional MRI Evidence For How To Handle Two Languages With One Brain, Nature
    1. A Language Learning Model For Behavioral And Functional-Imaging Studies, J. Neurosc. Methods
  14. Contextualizing Concepts, CogPrints
  15. Species Diversity--Scale Matters, Science
  16. Renewing the Fight Against Bacteria, The Scientist
    1. Retracing Steps to Find New Antibiotics, The Scientist
  17. Using Transgenesis to Create Salt-Tolerant Plants, The Scientist
  18. Polyphonic Complexity Made Lucid By The Steps, NYTimes
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
    1. Mapping Networks of Terrorist Cells, Connections
    2. Can We Stop the Next Attack?, Time
    3. The New Craft of Intelligence, Time
    4. Intercepted Al Qaeda E-Mail Is Said to Hint at Regrouping, NYTimes
    5. Shadow Government Is at Work in Secret, Washington Post
    6. Informational Warfare, CogPrints
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Santa Fe Institute Working Papers
    2. Other Papers
    3. Webcast Announcements
    4. Conference Announcements

  1. Predicting the Unpredictable, Harvard Business Review Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Why, for instance, do employee bonuses sometimes lead to decreases in productivity? (...)

    But now, thanks to "agent-based modeling," some companies are finding ways to analyze-and even predict-emergent phenomena. Macy's, for instance, has used the technology to investigate better ways to design its department stores. Hewlett-Packard has run agent-based simulations to anticipate how changes in its hiring strategy would affect its corporate culture. And Societe Generale has used the technology to determine the operational risk of its asset management group.


  2. The Evolution Of Cooking: A Talk With Richard Wrangham, EdgeVideo Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Wrangham believes that humanity was launched by an ape learning to cook. In a burst of evolution around two million years ago, our species developed the family relations that make us such a peculiar kind of animal. Cooking made us women, men and lovers.

    (...) Cooking makes our behavior partly chimpanzee-like because it intensifies a chimpanzee-like division of labor. Self-domestication, on the other hand, makes us bonobo-like by selecting for a youthful psyche. In both cases human behavior echoes the biology of our cousins, though never exactly copying it."


  3. Human Spermatozoa: The Future Of Sex, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The desperate plight of the human spermatozoon is clearly reflected by the poor fecundity of our species. Human spermatozoa stand apart from the gametes of virtually all other mammals in the paucity of their phenotype, the inadequacy of their function, and the sensitivity to fragmentation of their mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Roughly one in seven Western couples seek treatment for infertility, mostly because of problems with semen quality.(...)

    The Y chromosome is particularly vulnerable to gene deletions because it is not a matching partner for the X chromosome (...)


  4. Scientists Develop Plastic That Mends Itself, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The material, which the researchers call Automend, is built of two small molecular building blocks that interlock with each other into a vast three-dimensional network. (...)

    Usually, a piece of metal or plastic breaks, the broken chemical bonds at the jagged edge quickly react with oxygen or other molecules in the air, and the surface is permanently altered.

    With Automend, the two molecular building blocks are designed to bond easily only to each other. (...) with about 60 percent of the strength of the original.


  5. The Corner Internet Network vs. the Cellular Giants, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The informal Wi-Fi networks that inexpensively provide wireless Internet access are fine, as far as they go - which is generally a few hundred feet. But what happens when there are enough of them to weave together in a blanket of Internet coverage?

    What begins to appear is a high-speed wireless data network built from the bottom up, rather than the top-down wireless cellular data networks now being established by giant telecommunications companies.

    (...) proposing the idea of NAN's, or neighborhood area networks.


  6. Lord of the Hackers, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: In many ways, Middle Earth, the universe of "The Lord of the Rings," is like a computer program, rule-driven and bounded. (...)

    These days computer programmers appropriate the standard Tolkien palette of elves, knights, wizards and dwarfs to build their online fantasy games. They also use computational metaphors to reinterpret Tolkien, who is recast as the programmer of Middle Earth. (...)

    But the work of J. R. R. Tolkien captures a certain computational aesthetic that is reflected in the mass culture. This sensibility tends to be binary.


  7. Overcoming Language Barriers On The Internet, Alphagalileo Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Contributing Editor's Note: More than 80 per cent of the Web sites are in English, while less than half of  the Internet users worldwide have English as their mother tongue. In fact, the number of non-English Internet users is always increasing. So it can be safely assumed that the need of to provide multilingual Web-based services is greater than ever. Following work is based on the report of such an effort undertaken in a project named BabelWeb where researchers from the Netherlands, France, UK, Italy and Portugal co-operated.

    Excerpts: BabelWeb developed a three-tier structure for the architecture of multilingual Web sites. Level one is a relational database for the contents; level two the overall structure, in which the contents is organised, and level three the presentation of the multilingual contents on the users screen.
    >A crucial point for the planning of multilingual Web sites is the translation of the contents. BabelWeb compared and evaluated translation databases, automatic translation and automatic summarisation.

    Though Automatic translation and summarisation offer some advantages as well, they deliver not yet completely satisfying translation quality and require a high level of expertise for implementation.


  8. 'Earth Simulator' Puts Japan on the Cutting Edge, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The global climate picture produced by current climate models is too crude to make accurate predictions based on small fluctuations in inputs such as temperature. But next month, Japanese scientists will start to operate a $310 million supercomputer that can digest a much more detailed model and, researchers hope, spit out better answers. The supercomputer will also add a new dimension to studies of Earth's interior by allowing the first global-scale simulations of the interaction between core and mantle, and between mantle and crust.

  9. Reverse Engineering of Biological Complexity, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Exerpts: Advanced technologies and biology have extremely different physical implementations, but they are far more alike in systems-level organization than is widely appreciated. Convergent evolution in both domains produces modular architectures that are composed of elaborate hierarchies of protocols and layers of feedback regulation, are driven by demand for robustness to uncertain environments, and use often imprecise components. This complexity may be largely hidden in idealized laboratory settings and in normal operation, becoming conspicuous only when contributing to rare cascading failures. (...) interplay between complexity and robustness, modularity, feedback, and fragility.

    1. Systems Biology: A Brief Overview, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: To understand biology at the system level, we must examine the structure and dynamics of cellular and organismal function, rather than the characteristics of isolated parts of a cell or organism. Properties of systems, such as robustness, emerge as central issues, and understanding these properties may have an impact on the future of medicine. However, many breakthroughs in experimental devices, advanced software, and analytical methods are required before the achievements of systems biology can live up to their much-touted potential.


    2. Whole-istic Biology, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: "If someone were to analyze current notions and fashionable catchwords, he would find 'systems' high on the list. The concept has pervaded all fields of science and penetrated into popular thinking, jargon, and mass media." In keeping with this fashion, Science presents this week a special issue with emphasis on systems biology. And we note that this is a trend with remarkable staying power, for the words quoted above were written (...) in Ludwig von Bertalanffy's 1967 introduction to his book, General System Theory, (...)


  10. Gifted Few Make Order Out Of Chaos, New Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts:  Some people have a special gift for predicting the twists and turns of chaotic systems like the weather and perhaps even financial markets, according to an Australian psychologist.(...)

    If the finding does stand up, testing for sensitivity to chaos might help financial institutions identify people who would do well as financial traders. "Some guys can't communicate what they are doing, but they make millions," says Pressing. "They have some sort of intuition. My guess is that they are sensitive to subtle non-linear structures like chaos."

    Editor's Note: It might be interesting to test if the degree of predictability of a chaotic system (such as its Kolmogorov entropy) has an influence on how well different participants can predict the time-series and how far into the future.


  11. Event Synchronization: A Simple And Fast Method To Measure Synchronicity And Time Delay Patterns, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: We propose a simple method to measure synchronization and time delay patterns between signals. It is based on the relative timings of events in the time series, defined e.g. as local maxima. The degree of synchronization is obtained from the number of quasi-simultaneous appearances of events, and the delay is calculated from the precedence of events in one signal with respect to the other. Moreover, we can easily visualize the time evolution of the delay and synchronization level with an excellent resolution. We apply the algorithm to short rat EEG signals, some of them containing spikes. We also apply it to an intracranial human EEG recording containing an epileptic seizure, and we propose that the method might be useful for the detection of foci and for seizure prediction. It can be easily extended to other types of data and it is very simple and fast, thus being suitable for on-line implementations.

  12. Neural Mechanisms Of Planning: A Computational Analysis Using Event-Related fMRI, PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: To investigate the neural mechanisms of planning, we used a novel adaptation of the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) task and event-related functional MRI. Participants were trained in applying a specific strategy to an isomorph of the five-disk TOH task. After training, participants solved novel problems during event-related functional MRI. A computational cognitive model of the task was used to generate a reference time series representing the expected blood oxygen level-dependent response in brain areas involved in the manipulation and planning of goals. (...) The implications of these results for the current model, as well as for our understanding of the neural mechanisms of planning and functional specialization of the prefrontal cortex, are discussed.

     

    Contributing Editor's Note: It has been  demonstrated that a single sensory input like a distress call  can generate multiple different behavioral responses, depending on context, memory for the outcome of prior actions etc. The neural mechanisms responsible for making decisions are not fully understood till date. But as many of the basic mechanisms of sensory perception and movement generation are largely understood, some neurobiologists has begun to explore the possibility that the decision process can be investigated physiologically.


    1. Neural Correlates Of Decisions, Current Opinion in Neurobiology Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Recent research suggests that sensory judgements unfold through the gradual accumulation of neuronal signals in sensory-motor pathways, favoring one alternative over others. Stored representations of the outcome of prior actions activate neurons in many of these same areas during decision-making.
      >These scientists have discovered that the deliberative process by which a single behavioral response is selected from several possible alternatives leaves a signature in the activity of single neurons in a variety of sensory and motor areas. Moreover, the resultant behavioral choice appears to be generated through the gradual accretion of signals favoring one alternative over another.


  13. Brain Potential And Functional MRI Evidence For How To Handle Two Languages With One Brain, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Bilingual individuals need effective mechanisms to prevent interference from one language while processing material in the other. Here we show, using event-related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that words from the non-target language are rejected at an early stage before semantic analysis in bilinguals. (...) instructed to press a button when presented with words in one language, while ignoring words in the other language and pseudowords. (...) suggesting that bilinguals use an indirect phonological access route to the lexicon of the target language to avoid interference.

    1. A Language Learning Model For Behavioral And Functional-Imaging Studies, J. Neurosc. Methods Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: To obtain a more precise understanding of the mechanisms involved in language acquisition in healthy subjects and the re-acquisition of language following brain damage, we developed a word learning model which can be used in behavioral and functional-imaging studies. We generated a set of spoken pseudowords (...). During a five-session training protocol, with one session per day, there was a linear increase of the learning curves, which then reached a plateau. Learning remained stable at 1 and 4 weeks retest intervals. Furthermore, subjects correctly translated the pseudowords into their native language (...).

  14. Contextualizing Concepts, CogPrints Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: To cope with problems arising in the description of (1) contextual interactions, and (2) the generation of new states with new properties when quantum entities become entangled, the mathematics of quantum mechanics was developed. Similar problems arise with concepts. We use a generalization of standard quantum mechanics, the mathematical lattice theoretic formalism, to develop a formal description of the contextual manner in which concepts are evoked, used, and combined to generate meaning.

  15. Species Diversity--Scale Matters, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: As predictions of the loss of global biodiversity grow increasingly pessimistic, identifying the factors that determine species richness has become a hot topic. The best-known pattern in species diversity is the gradient ranging from low at the poles to high at the equator. (...) But, as some evolutionists have argued, biological and environmental systems are more complex than this. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the factors best accounting for patterns of biodiversity seem to be delimited by scale.

  16. Renewing the Fight Against Bacteria, The Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: In the 1940s, the mass production of penicillin led to a sensational reduction in illness and death from bacterial disease. (...)

    Today, nearly all strains of Staphylococcus aureus, an organism that causes skin, bone, lung, and bloodstream infections, now resist penicillin. Many do the same to methicillin, and some even resist vancomycin, long considered the only uniformly effective drug for methicillin-resistant S. aureus, (...). The agency also estimates that 30% of Streptococcus pneumoniae-caused pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infections no longer respond to penicillin.


    1. Retracing Steps to Find New Antibiotics, The Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: When linezolid (Zyvox) received federal approval in early 2000, it was the first completely new antibiotic compound to reach the pharmaceutical market in 35 years.(...). Its creator, New Jersey-based Pharmacia, sounded confident that few people would become resistant to the drug. It was not to be. Within months, patients infected with MRSA and VRE were not responding to linezolid.

      Such quick resistance epitomizes the dilemma of antibiotics development: Drugs cost hundreds of millions of dollars and take at least a decade to develop, and then become increasingly less effective.


  17. Using Transgenesis to Create Salt-Tolerant Plants, The Scientist Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Salt tolerance is one such coveted trait. Recent research on promoting salt tolerance through transgenesis focuses on boosting salt-sequestering physiological mechanisms within species, and transferring this ability from the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to selected crop species.

    It is more common for plants to ship sodium ions to vacuoles, the huge storage compartments that are a hallmark of plant cells. (Chloride ions are excluded at the roots of salt-sensitive plants because their concentration is greater inside the root cells.)


  18. Polyphonic Complexity Made Lucid By The Steps, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Complexity need not be intimidating. That is the lesson taught by "Episodes," which the New York City Ballet offered on Sunday afternoon at the New York State Theater.

    George Balanchine set this work to extremely complex scores by Anton von Webern. Yet the choreography, though complicated, never grows confusing.  


  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Mapping Networks of Terrorist Cells, Connections Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: This paper looks at the difficulty in mapping covert networks. Analyzing networks after an event is fairly easy for prosecution purposes. Mapping covert networks to prevent criminal activity is much more difficult. We examine the network surrounding the tragic events of September 11th, 2001. Through public data we are able to map a portion of the network centered around the 19 dead hijackers. This map gives us some insight into the terrorist organization, yet it is incomplete. Suggestions for further work and research are offered.

    2. Can We Stop the Next Attack?, Time Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: America's national security system is designed to fight Soviets rather than suicide bombers. (...)

      And yet intelligence officials acknowledge privately that Sept. 11 laid bare many of the agency's most crippling weaknesses. Six months later, the problems remain-buried under billions of dollars in post-9/11 funding and stubbornly resistant to change. Insiders agree that the CIA's failure to learn of the Sept. 11 plot stemmed in large part from the CIA's inability to gather human intelligence about foreign threats.


    3. The New Craft of Intelligence, Time Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Despite the fact that U.S. taxpayers have been paying more than $30 billion a year for a national intelligence and counterintelligence community (...) Osama bin Laden has cost us at least $20 billion in damages. (...)

      Unfortunately, our spies and our satellites have lost touch with reality, for they collect less than 10% of the relevant information that we must digest to understand the complex multi-cultural world that is now capable of producing very wealthy and suicidal terrorists. We need a "new craft of intelligence" (...) exploiting these open sources (...)


    4. Intercepted Al Qaeda E-Mail Is Said to Hint at Regrouping, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Senior counterterrorism officials said that Al Qaeda's effort to rebuild itself outside Afghanistan appeared to rely heavily on the Internet for communications among highly mobile operatives, who often check their messages in public Internet cafes around the world, making them difficult to track.

      American officials said the new communications traffic was a serious concern because they feared that Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden's network, could use its sophisticated Internet ability to launch new terror attacks against the United States.


    5. Shadow Government Is at Work in Secret, Washington Post Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: President Bush has dispatched a shadow government of about 100 senior civilian managers to live and work secretly outside Washington, activating for the first time long-standing plans to ensure survival of federal rule after catastrophic attack on the nation's capital.

      Execution of the classified "Continuity of Operations Plan" resulted not from the Cold War threat of intercontinental missiles, the scenario rehearsed for decades, but from heightened fears that the al Qaeda terrorist network might somehow obtain a portable nuclear weapon, according to three officials with firsthand knowledge.


    6. Informational Warfare, CogPrints Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: Recent empirical and theoretical work suggests that reputation was an important mediator of access to resources in ancestral human environments. Reputations were built and maintained by the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information about the actions and capabilities of group members that is, by gossiping. Strategic gossiping would have been an excellent strategy for manipulating reputations and thereby competing effectively for resources and for cooperative relationships with group members who could best provide such resources. Coalitions (cliques) may have increased members  abilities to manipulate reputations by gossiping. Because, over evolutionary time, women may have experienced more within-group competition than men, and because female reputations may have been more vulnerable than male reputations to gossip, gossiping may have been a more important strategy for women than men. Consequently, women may have evolved specializations for gossiping alone and in coalitions. We develop and partially test this theory.


  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Santa Fe Institute Working Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Santa Fe Institute Working Papers
      1. The Evolution of Evolvability in Genetic Linkage Patterns , John W. Pepper, SFI WP 02-02-003
        >Basins of Attraction in Network Dynamics: A Conceptual Framework for Biomolecular Networks , Andrew Wuensche, SFI WP 02-02-004
      2. Random Graphs as Models of Networks , M. E. J. Newman, SFI WP 02-02-005
      3. Mutational Robustness and Asymmetric Functional Specialization of Duplicate Genes , Andreas Wagner, SFI WP 02-02-006
      4. Sunk-Cost Effects Made Ancient Societies Vulnerable to Collapse , Marco A. Janssen, Marten Scheffer, and Timothy A. Kohler, SFI WP 02-02-007
      5. Evolving Protein Interaction Networks through Gene Duplication , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras, Eric Smith, and Ricard V. Solé, SFI WP 02-02-008
      6. Optimal Design, Robustness, and Risk Aversion , M. E. J. Newman, Michelle Girvan, and J. Doyne Farmer, SFI WP 02-02-009

    2. Other Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Signal Analysis Of Behavioral And Molecular Cycles, J. D. Levine, P. Funes, H. B. Dowse, J. C. Hall, BMC Neuroscience, Vol 3 Issue 1, March 2002
      2. Fuel From Natural Gas, Tatiana Pitchugina, Alphagalileo, 08 February 2002
      3. Constraining The Neural Representation Of The Visual World, S. Edelman, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol 6 Isuue 3, pp. 125-131, 2002
      4. Steroids In The Control Of Reproductive Function In Fish, I. A. Barannikova, V. P. Dyubin, L. V. Bayunova, T. B. Semenkova, Neurosc. and Behav. Physiology, Vol. 32 Issue 2, pp. 141-148, March - April, 2002
      5. Dural Substitute For Long-Term Imaging Of Cortical Activity In Behaving Monkeys And Its Clinical Implications, A.  Arieli, A. Grinvald, H. Slovin, J. Neurosc. Methods, Vol. 114 Issue 2 pp. 119-133, 2002
      6. Supramolecular Assembly Dynamics, Anna V. Davis, Robert M. Yeh, and Kenneth N. Raymond, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA published 5 March 2002, 10.1073/pnas.052018299
      7. Emulating Biology: Building Nanostructures From The Bottom Up, Nadrian C. Seeman, Angela M. Belcher, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA published 5 March 2002, 10.1073/pnas.221458298
      8. Cerebellar Damage Impairs Automaticity of a Recently Practiced Movement, Catherine E. Lang, Amy J. Bastian, J. Neurophysiol. 2002 March 1; 87(3): p. 1336-1347
      9. Decoding Neural Spike Trains: Calculating the Probability That a Spike, Train and an External Signal Are Related, Terence D. Sanger, J. Neurophysiol. 2002 March 1; 87(3): p. 1659-1663
      10. Seizure Anticipation In Human Neocortical Partial Epilepsy Vincent Navarro, Jacques Martinerie, Michel Le Van Quyen, Stephane Clemenceau, Claude Adam, Michel Baulac,Francisco Varela, Brain 2002 March 1; 125(3): p. 640-655
      11. Reverse Engineering of Biological Complexity, Marie E. Csete and John C. Doyle, Science 2002 March 1; 295(5560): p. 1664-1669
      12. Tangled Roots? Genetics Meets Genealogy, Kathryn Brown, Science 2002 March 1; 295(5560): p. 1634-1635
      13. Paleoclimate: Enhanced: Cycles, Cycles Everywhere, Thomas J. Crowley, Science 2002 February 22; 295(5559): p. 1473-1474
      14. Postsynaptic Induction of BDNF-Mediated Long-Term Potentiation, Yury Kovalchuk, Eric Hanse, Karl W. Kafitz, Arthur Konnerth, p. 1729
      15. Tyrannosaurus Was Not A Fast Runner, J R Hutchinson, M Garcia
      16. Adaptive Protein Evolution In Drosophila, N G C Smith, A Eyre-Walker
      17. Testing The Neutral Theory Of Molecular Evolution With Genomic Data, From Drosophila, J C Fay, G J Wyckoff , C-I Wu
      18. Functional Neurogenesis In The Adult Hippocampus H Van Praag, A F Schinder, B R Christie, N Toni, T D Palmer, F H Gage
      19. High-Energy Physics: The Mass Question, Edward Witten, Nature 415, 969 - 971 (2002)
      20. Does BDNF Have Pre- or Postsynaptic Targets?, Toshiya Manabe, p. 1651
      21. Genome Complexity Reduction For SNP Genotyping Analysis, Barbara Jordan, Alain Charest, John F. Dowd, Justin P. Blumenstiel,Ru-fang Yeh, Asiah Osman, David E. Housman, John E. Landers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002 March 5; 99(5): p. 2942-2947

    3. Webcast Announcements Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. The Adaptive Enterprise in Action, The Center for Business Innovation, 02/03/13, 12:00 EST 17:00 GMT
      2. Center for Preventive Action Special Event, Kofi Annan, John W. Vessey, Webcast, 02/03/06

    4. Conference Announcements Bookmark and Share

      A NAME=20.4>
      1. Capturing Business Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation, Argonne National Laboratory, Il. 02/03/04-08
      2. Physik Sozio-Oekonomischer Systeme, Regensburg, Germany, 02/03/11-15
      3. SwarmFest 2002: Sixth Annual Swarm Users Meeting, Seattle, 02/03/29-31
      4. AIS'2002: Towards Component-Based Modeling and Simulation, Lisbon, Portugal, 02/04/07-10
      5. Manufacturing Complexity Network Conference, Cambridge, UK, 02/04/09-10
      6. Modeling & Simulation of Microsystems (MSM 2002) & Intl. Conf on Comp Nano Science (ICCN 2002), San Juan, Puerto Rico, 02/04/22-25
      7. PROTECTING THE HOMELAND: Lessons Learned and Policy Implications of 9/11, Washington, DC, 02/04/29-05/01
      8. World Conference NL 2002 - Networked Learning in a Global Environment: Challenges and Solutions for Virtual Education, Berlin, Germany, 02/05/01-04
      9. Electronic Conference on Foundations of Information Science: The Nature Of Information: Conceptions, Misconceptions, And Paradoxes, 6-10 May 2002
      10. Mass Customisation: Strategies and Enabling Technology, U. Warwick, UK, 02/05/14-15
      11. International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS2002), Nashua, NH, 02/06/9-14
      12. Sitges Conference "Statistical Mechanics of Complex Networks", Sitges, Spain, 02/06/10-14
      13. Complex Systems: Control and Modeling Problems, Samara, Russia, 02/06/17
      14. International Conference SocioPhysics, ZIF - Bielefeld, Germany, 02/06/06-09
      15. 2nd International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL'02), Cambridge, Massachusetts USA, 02/06/12-15
      16. Let's Face Chaos Through Nonlinear Dynamics, Maribor, Slovenia, 02/06/30 - 07/14
      17. 7th International Conference on Music Perception & Cognition - ICMPC7, Sydney, 02/07/17-21
      18. Complexity and Philosophy, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA, 02/07/29-30
      19. 12th Ann Intl Conf Society For Chaos Theory in Psychology & Life Sciences: Chaos and Complexity in a Changing World, Portland, OR, USA, 02/08/01-04
      20. Self-Organisation and Evolution of Social Behaviour, Monte Verità, Switzerland, 02/09/08-13
      21. Complex Systems (CS02) Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 02/09/10-12
      22. 3rd Intl NAISO Symposium on Engineering Of Intelligent Systems (EIS 20020), Malaga, Spain, 02/09/24-27
      23. ACRI 2002, 5th Intl Conf on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry, Geneva, Switzerland, 02/10/09-11 
      24. 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Simulated Evolution And Learning (SEAL'02), 9th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP'02), International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD'02), Singapore, 02/11/18-22
      25. Managing the Complex IV, Naples , FL, Early December 2002
      26. Artificial Life VIII, UNSW, Sydney, Australia, 02/12/09-13
      27. Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences (HICSS-36), Big Island, Hawaii, 03/01/06-09

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