Complexity Digest 2002.14

08-Apr-2002

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Content

  1. Icy Birth? Amino Acids Form In Simulations Of Space Ice, Science News
    1. Astrobiology: Seeds Of Life?, Nature
    2. Amino Acids From Ultraviolet Irradiation Of Interstellar Ice Analogues, Nature
  2. Can Good Genes Explain The Peacock's Tail?, Trends in Ecology & Evolution
    1. All People Who On Earth Do Dwell, Trends in Ecology & Evolution
    2. Inbreeding Effects In Wild Populations, Trends in Ecology & Evolution
  3. Does Complexity Constrain Organelle Evolution?, Trends in Plant Science
  4. Bright Idea: Protein Relocation Helps Eyes Adapt To Light, Science News
  5. Chaos In Learning A Simple Two-Person Game, PNAS
  6. Social Intelligence, Innovation, And Enhanced Brain Size In Primates, PNAS
    1. Wild Chimps Rocked On: Apes Left Unique Record Of Stone Tools
    2. Nephews, Cousins . . . Who Cares? Detecting Kin Doesn't Mean Favoring Them, Science News
  7. Neuroimaging: The Sight Of Two Brains Talking, Nature
    1. Neuroscience: Moving Through The Landscape, Science
  8. Hominid Economics, Nature Book Report
  9. A Dim View Of A `Posthuman Future', NYTimes
  10. Seeing Around Corners, The Atlantic Monthly
    1. The Science of Surprise, Discover
  11. Universal Laws In Application To Evolutionary Economics, Nonlin. Dyn., Psycho., Life Sc.
  12. Creating Health In A Capricious World: The Role Of Chaos And Complexity, UK Nonlinear News
  13. Theory Of Complex Systems And Economic Dynamics, Nonlin. Dyn., Psycho., Life Sc.
  14. The Complexity Of Collective Decision, Nonlin. Dyn., Psycho., Life Sc
  15. Forbidden Information, arXiv
  16. Graphical Information: Charting the Virtual World, Darwin Magazine
    1. The Structure Of Broad Topics On The Web, arXiv
    2. Customer Friendly IM (Instant Messaging), Darwin Magazine
  17. Toward Self-Organization and Complex Matter, Science
    1. Nanotubes Self-Assemble Into Circuit Elements, EE Times
  18. Conflicts Of Interest: Can You Believe What You Read?, Nature
    1. Dispute Arises Over a Push to Change Climate Panel, NYTimes
    2. Deciphering Contradictory Antarctic Climate Patterns, NYTimes
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
    1. Airport Security: Terminal Evacuations Put People at Risk, NPR
    2. U.S. Fears Afghan Farmers Can't End Cash Crop: Opium, NYTimes
    3. Qaeda and Taliban May Ply Pakistan's Porous Frontier, NYTimes
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Santa Fe Institute Working Papers
    2. Other Papers
    3. Webcast Announcements
    4. Conference Announcements

  1. Icy Birth? Amino Acids Form In Simulations Of Space Ice, Science News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: In another step toward understanding the origin of Earth's biological molecules, two independent laboratory experiments have produced amino acids-the building blocks of proteins-by simulating conditions in icy, interstellar space.

    The results, (...), suggest that some amino acids could have formed in giant clouds of icy particles and then hitched rides on comets and asteroids to planets throughout the universe, (...)

    These studies may help explain how some amino acids formed initially, but they do not indicate why life incorporates only left-handed amino acids.


    1. Astrobiology: Seeds Of Life?, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Amino acids, a basic constituent of life, can form in dust grains that are similar to those found in the space between stars.

      Organic compounds in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles are thought by some to hold the key to the origin of life. Increasingly, investigations are revealing a complex history of chemical processes in the Solar System - processes by which the chemicals that are the basis of life may have been synthesized from the gas and dust that make up the interstellar medium.


    2. Amino Acids From Ultraviolet Irradiation Of Interstellar Ice Analogues, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Amino acids are the essential molecular components of living organisms on Earth, but the proposed mechanisms for their spontaneous generation have been unable to account for their presence in Earth's early history. The delivery of extraterrestrial organic compounds has been proposed as an alternative to generation on Earth, and some amino acids have been found in several meteorites. Here we report the detection of amino acids in the room-temperature residue of an interstellar ice analogue that was ultraviolet-irradiated in a high vacuum at 12 K.


  2. Can Good Genes Explain The Peacock's Tail?, Trends in Ecology & Evolution Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Whether the choice for good genes can drive both the evolution of elaborate displays in one sex (usually males) and the preference for them in the other (usually females) has remained controversial since Zahavi proposed the good-genes handicap model. First, female preference should deplete genetic variance in the population, eliminating the benefit to the preference. Second, the potential benefit could be counteracted easily by natural selection if there was a cost to the female preference. In a new paper, Houle and Kondrashov develop a model of good-genes choice that reveals the conditions required for the coevolution of costly mate choice and exaggerated displays.

    1. All People Who On Earth Do Dwell, Trends in Ecology & Evolution Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Explaining the latitudinal gradient in species richness is one of the fundamental challenges in ecology, and one that we have yet to fully meet. Several potential causal factors for this phenomenon have been invoked, including topographical heterogeneity, environmental stability, parasitism, time since major disturbance, and productivity. Elizabeth Cashdan [1] adds a new twist to this debate by elucidating another latitudinal pattern that applies to a single species - namely, the decrease in human ethnic diversity as we move from the equatorial regions to the poles.

       


    2. Inbreeding Effects In Wild Populations, Trends in Ecology & Evolution Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Whether inbreeding affects the demography and persistence of natural populations has been questioned. (...) This work reveals that levels of inbreeding depression vary across taxa, populations and environments, but are usually substantial enough to affect both individual and population performance. Data from bird and mammal populations suggest that inbreeding depression often significantly affects birth weight, survival, reproduction and resistance to disease, predation and environmental stress. (...) Thus, it might be necessary to retain gene flow among increasingly fragmented habitat patches to sustain populations that are sensitive to inbreeding.

       


  3. Does Complexity Constrain Organelle Evolution?, Trends in Plant Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: The evolution of eukaryotes was punctuated by invasions of the bacteria that have evolved to mitochondria and plastids. These bacterial endosymbionts founded major eukaryotic lineages by enabling them to carry out aerobic respiration and oxygenic photosynthesis. Yet, having evolved as free-living organisms, they were at first poorly adapted organelles. Although mitochondria and plastids have integrated within the physiology of eukaryotic cells, this integration has probably been constrained by the high level of complexity of their bacterial ancestors and the inability of gradual evolutionary processes to drastically alter complex systems. Here, I review complex processes that directly involve translation of plastid mRNAs and how they could constrain transfer to the nucleus of the genes encoding them.

  4. Bright Idea: Protein Relocation Helps Eyes Adapt To Light, Science News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Animals appear to adapt to bright light by reducing their use of proteins involved in the eye's light-detecting systems.

  5. Chaos In Learning A Simple Two-Person Game, PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: We investigate the problem of learning to play the game of rock-paper-scissors. Each player attempts to improve her/his average score by adjusting the frequency of the three possible responses, using reinforcement learning. For the zero sum game the learning process displays Hamiltonian chaos. Thus, the learning trajectory can be simple or complex, depending on initial conditions. We also investigate the non-zero sum case and show that it can give rise to chaotic transients. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of Hamiltonian chaos in learning a basic two-person game, extending earlier findings of chaotic attractors in dissipative systems. As we argue here, chaos provides an important self-consistency condition for determining when players will learn to behave as though they were fully rational. That chaos can occur in learning a simple game indicates one should use caution in assuming real people will learn to play a game according to a Nash equilibrium strategy.

  6. Social Intelligence, Innovation, And Enhanced Brain Size In Primates, PNAS Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Despite considerable current interest in the evolution of intelligence, the intuitively appealing notion that brain volume and "intelligence" are linked remains untested. Here, we use ecologically relevant measures of cognitive ability, the reported incidence of behavioral innovation, social learning, and tool use, to show that brain size and cognitive capacity are indeed correlated. (...) These findings provide an empirical link between behavioral innovation, social learning capacities, and brain size in mammals. The ability to learn from others, invent new behaviors, and use tools may have played pivotal roles in primate brain evolution.

    1. Wild Chimps Rocked On: Apes Left Unique Record Of Stone Tools Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts:  Archaeologists, by definition, uncover the remnants of past human activity. With the first excavation of chimpanzee stone tools at an African site, however, the scope of their work has entered virgin terrain.

      Chimps transported suitable pieces of stone to the undated site and used them to crack open nuts placed on thick tree roots (...).

      "At least some wild chimpanzees have produced stone [artifacts] and left behind an archaeological record of their nut-cracking behavior," says Mercader, who directed the excavation.


    2. Nephews, Cousins . . . Who Cares? Detecting Kin Doesn't Mean Favoring Them, Science News Next Article Bookmark and Share

      , Science News, Week of March 30, 2002; Vol. 161, No. 13, Audible

  7. Neuroimaging: The Sight Of Two Brains Talking, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: By simultaneously scanning the brains of contestants playing a simple game, researchers aim to study how social interactions affect brain activity. Steve Nadis meets the scientists who think two heads are better than one. (...)

    This summer, those researchers will take a step towards answering that question. Two subjects - one in Atlanta, the other in New Jersey - will play a strategic game over the Internet, while having their brains scanned. The team calls the technique 'hyperscanning'. "Virtually everything we do in real life is motivated by interactions with others,"


    1. Neuroscience: Moving Through The Landscape, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: When we move through the environment, the image falling on our retina expands, although we rarely notice this. The expanding image has a point of origin, or focus, from which all image motion seems to radiate. The focus,(...), corresponds to our direction of heading. Neurons in a region of the brain called MST [medial superior temporal, Ed.] are responsible for encoding information about heading, path, and place, which is combined with visual cortex inputs to provide perception of heading during self-movement.


  8. Hominid Economics, Nature Book Report Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts:  (...) explain why the hominid lineage took the evolutionary direction that led to Homo sapiens. First, what was the initial triggering event? (...)

    Second, what caused the approximately simultaneous appearance, about two million years ago, of larger brains, more sensitive hands, stone tools and the ability to travel across entire continents? Third, what triggered the Great Leap Forward that led to representational art and sophisticated tools? (...) And finally, what was the cause of the agricultural revolution that started around 10,000 years ago (...)


  9. A Dim View Of A `Posthuman Future', NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: If the human mind and body are shaped by a bunch of genes, (...), then biotechnologists will one day be able to change both and perhaps, in seeking to refine the imperfect human clay, will alter human nature. (...)

    By messing with the human genome in order to enhance intelligence or physique or other desirable qualities, biotechnology may cause us "to lose our humanity (...)

    History may have ended, but it seems that special measures are needed to keep it in a state of finality.


  10. Seeing Around Corners, The Atlantic Monthly Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The new science of artificial societies suggests that real ones are both more predictable and more surprising than we thought. Growing long-vanished civilizations and modern-day genocides on computers will probably never enable us to foresee the future in detail-but we might learn to anticipate the kinds of events that lie ahead, and where to look for interventions that might work (...).

    (...) Rob Axtell mentioned that he had created artificial companies and cities, and that the companies and cities both followed Zipf's Law.


    1. The Science of Surprise, Discover Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Complexity theory researchers have created many different computer simulators in the last decade in an attempt to find simple rules underlying the normally unpredictable behavior of intricate systems, including those made up of cells, people, and corporations. (...) Stuart Kauffman, a molecular biologist and complexity theory expert, even built a computer model that simulates how molecules in Earth's primordial soup may have self-organized into living cells billions of years ago. (...) The company uses complexity theory analysis to tackle such tangible problems as how to control crowds at an amusement park or how to decrease the amount of time it takes a manufacturer to get its products into neighborhood stores.


  11. Universal Laws In Application To Evolutionary Economics, Nonlin. Dyn., Psycho., Life Sc. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: The purpose of the present paper is to reveal some conformities to natural universal laws allowing to advance the theory of evolutionary economics. From the point of view of statistical physics, entropy is applied as universal function of a condition for economic systems. The concept of parametric economic space is introduced. The concepts of energy and number of degrees of freedom of a dynamical economic system allow substantiated cause and effect connections between the evolution of the system and a number of economic factors (forces), influencing on the system (degree of an openness, ¡ˇ±freedom¡¨ of an economic system).

  12. Creating Health In A Capricious World: The Role Of Chaos And Complexity, UK Nonlinear News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Press Release: Toronto cardiologist, Dr VS Rambihar will deliver a lecture on "Creating Health in a Capricious World: the role of chaos and complexity" at the Caribbean Cardiac Society Conference in Port of Spain, Trinidad, in July 2002. This will introduce ideas from his books "Chaos 2000: Making a New Medicine for a New Millennium" and "A New Chaos Based Medicine beyond 2000: the response to evidence."
    >He has been promoting the concept that much of the ideas that now emerge in the increasing discussion and literature on going beyond evidence or beyond evidence based medicine are derivable from chaos and complexity theory, and that this subject should be explored in medicine and health. He has also used these ideas in discussing the complex dynamic interactions of genes and the environment in producing health and disease, proposing that this novel approach may be useful in creating change.
    >He will mention this in a talk at a cardiology conference in Martinique in February 2002, using the imagery of fractals to describe the complex dynamic interactions of culture, customs, genes and the environment in leading to high rates of heart disease in the South Asian diaspora. The imagery of fractals will also be invoked to describe the time and space pattern of heart disease in this diaspora and the implications for creating change, ideas discussed in a 1996 book (...).

  13. Theory Of Complex Systems And Economic Dynamics, Nonlin. Dyn., Psycho., Life Sc. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the significance of the theory of complex systems for analyzing economic evolution. We emphasize the necessity of the structural dynamic approach and discuss possible implications of the theory of complex systems for studying economic processes with different speeds of change. We illustrate a way to construct a general economic theory that includes the main economic theories of competition with government intervention as special cases in the structural sense.

  14. The Complexity Of Collective Decision, Nonlin. Dyn., Psycho., Life Sc Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: This paper is about the dynamics of collective decision when an individual adapts his rational decision to the others'. We consider an organization of heterogeneous agents, in which each agent faces the binary decision problem. The standard way (...) is to assume everyone has the same value or payoff structure. This paper considers collective decision of agents with heterogeneous payoffs. We obtain and classify rational decision rules of heterogeneous agents into a few categories depending on their idiosyncratic payoff structure. We show that agents' rational behavior combined with the others produce stable orders, and sometimes complex cyclic behavior.

  15. Forbidden Information, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: There appears to be a gap between the usual interpretation of Godel Theorem and what is actually proven. Closing this gap does not seem obvious and involves complexity theory. This is unrelated to complexity quantifications of the usual effects of Godel theorem, which were well studied before. Similar problems and solutions apply to other unsolvability results, such as non-recursive tilings, etc.

  16. Graphical Information: Charting the Virtual World, Darwin Magazine Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Some of the more far-out looking maps are confusing, even intimidating.

    You're referring to images created by a process called spatialization, where researchers impose a spatial, maplike structure onto data, even if the data has no such inherent structure, or the structure isn't obvious. The aim of two-dimensional and three-dimensional spatializations is to produce more legible and intelligible views of data-more intelligible than a big, long spreadsheet of thousands of numbers, or a big, long textual report.

    Yet a lot of the current examples don't really work. They're glorious failures-just eye candy.


    1. The Structure Of Broad Topics On The Web, arXiv Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: The Web graph is a giant social network whose properties have been measured and modeled extensively in recent years. Most such studies concentrate on the graph structure alone, and do not consider textual properties of the nodes. Consequently, Web communities have been characterized purely in terms of graph structure and not on page content. We propose that a topic taxonomy such as Yahoo! or the Open Directory provides a useful framework for understanding the structure of content-based clusters and communities. In particular, using a topic taxonomy and an automatic classifier, we can measure the background distribution of broad topics on the Web, and analyze the capability of recent random walk algorithms to draw samples which follow such distributions. In addition, we can measure the probability that a page about one broad topic will link to another broad topic. Extending this experiment, we can measure how quickly topic context is lost while walking randomly on the Web graph. Estimates of this topic mixing distance may explain why a global PageRank is still meaningful in the context of broad queries. In general, our measurements may prove valuable in the design of community-specific crawlers and link-based ranking systems.

      Contributing Editor's Note: The design and use of ontologies for building a Semantic Web should provide also an increment in the quality and performance of crawlers and search engines.


    2. Customer Friendly IM (Instant Messaging), Darwin Magazine Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Enable your phone reps to skip the no-brainers and handle more complex questions. New technology is the answer.

      You've heard this all before, but it's coming around again. Instant messaging (IM) software, recently discussed in this column as a tool for interemployee communication (...) is also opening up a new channel for serving customers. But is there any payoff?

      (...) IM has begun earning its stripes as a productivity tool in many corporations.

      (...)IM as a superior way to communicate with customers-either to market new offerings or to answer their questions.

       


  17. Toward Self-Organization and Complex Matter, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Beyond molecular chemistry based on the covalent bond, supramolecular chemistry aims at developing highly complex chemical systems from components interacting through noncovalent intermolecular forces. Over the past quarter century, supramolecular chemistry has grown into a major field and has fueled numerous developments at the interfaces with biology and physics. (...)

    Noncovalent interactions play critical roles in the biological world. Thus, with just a few building blocks, strands of nucleic acids allow huge amounts of information to be stored, retrieved, and processed via weak hydrogen bonds.

     


    1. Nanotubes Self-Assemble Into Circuit Elements, EE Times Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The devices are called rosette nanotubes by Fenniri, who has applied to patent them as a new class of self-assembling organic structures. Their shape permits a hollow central interior channel that runs the length of the nanotube with tunable inner and outer diameters. On the outside, smaller hollow channels are custom-tailored to the given application. (...)

      "We have designed a system that can be synthesized and modified almost at will. It is similar to biological systems. Our nanotubes are produced by a process of self-organization and self-assembly," said Fenniri.


  18. Conflicts Of Interest: Can You Believe What You Read?, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: As the links between commerce and academia deepen, how to deal with the conflicts of interest that inevitably arise has become an increasingly important issue. (...) researchers, entrepreneurs and others will meet to debate the 'Commercialization of the Academy'; meanwhile, Warsaw in Poland will host an international conference on conflicts of interest in science and medicine. (...)

    Concerns about commercial conflicts have been most acute in clinical medicine - where human lives may be at stake. Medical journals have led the way in introducing editorial policies to deal with conflicting interests.


    1. Dispute Arises Over a Push to Change Climate Panel, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: After a year of urging from energy industry lobbyists, the Bush administration is seeking the ouster of an American scientist who for nearly six years has directed an international panel of hundreds of experts assessing global warming, several government officials have said.

      The specialist, Dr. Robert T. Watson, chief scientist of the World Bank, is highly regarded as an atmospheric chemist by many climate experts. He has held the unpaid position of chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change since the fall of 1996.


    2. Deciphering Contradictory Antarctic Climate Patterns, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Antarctica is experiencing some of the fastest warming in the world. Antarctica is cooling.

      Some of its glaciers are thinning. Some are thickening. Ice shelves are disappearing. More sea ice is forming.

      Scientists have reported all this in recent months. It may all be true, even the contradictory parts. (...)

      Antarctica's role in climate and the oceans is largely a story of ice. Ninety percent of the world's ice lies either on the continent, in ice sheets that are on average 1.3 miles thick, (...).


  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Officials struggle to control incidents that prompt a spate of airport evacuations. Security specialists say the evacuations themselves can invite terrorist attacks. NPR's Mary Ann Akers reports on All Things Considered. March 28, 2002.

    1. Airport Security: Terminal Evacuations Put People at Risk, NPR Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: American officials have quietly abandoned their hopes to reduce Afghanistan's opium production substantially this year and are now bracing for a harvest large enough to inundate the world's heroin and opium markets with cheap drugs. (...)

      Until leaders of the Taliban banned opium in their last year in power, Afghanistan produced as much as three-fourths of the world's supply, (...). Now, the profits that flowed to the Taliban's allies are expected to enrich tribal leaders whose support is vital to the American-backed government.

       


    2. U.S. Fears Afghan Farmers Can't End Cash Crop: Opium, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: From sunrise to dusk, people cross the imaginary line that cuts through the mountains here: nomads with camels, smugglers with wares, young men with guns.

      The Afghan border guards, recently hired by the Americans to look for terrorist suspects, give a lazy wave. Pakistani guards are nowhere to be seen.


    3. Qaeda and Taliban May Ply Pakistan's Porous Frontier, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      An American reporter and photographer crossed the border into an area where foreigners have largely been banned by the Pakistani government. There were no Pakistanis on the border to question them.


  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Santa Fe Institute Working Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Discovering Planar Disorder in Close-Packed Structures from X-Ray Diffraction: Beyond the Fault Model , Dowman P. Varn, Geoffrey S. Canright, and James P. Crutchfield, SFI WP 02-03-014
      2. Network Topology and Species Loss in Food Webs: Robustness Increases with Connectance, Jennifer A. Dunne, Richard J. Williams, and Neo D. Martinez, SFI WP 02-03-013
      3. Stochastic Pairwise Alignments Stadler, Ulrike Mückstein, Ivo L. Hofacker, and Peter F., SFI WP 02-03-012
      4. Artificial Societies and the Social Sciences , J. Stephen Lansing, SFI WP 02-03-011
      5. Small Networks but not Small Worlds: Unique Aspects of Food Web Structure , Jennifer A. Dunne, Richard J. Williams, and Neo D. Martinez, SFI WP 02-03-010

    2. Other Papers Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. What Are Big Brains For?, Robert M. Seyfarth and Dorothy L. Cheney, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002 April 2; 99(7): p. 4141-4142
      2. Combinatorial Biosynthesis Of Antibiotics: Challenges And Opportunities, Walsh CT., Chembiochem. 2002 Mar 1;3(2-3):124-34.
      3. The Effects Of Jury Size, Evidence Complexity, And Note Taking On Jury Process And Performance In A Civil Trial, Horowitz IA, Bordens KS., J Appl Psychol. 2002 Feb;87(1):121-30.
      4. Analytical Estimation of Scaling Behavior for the Entanglement Complexity of a Bond Network, Arteca GA., J Chem Inf Comput Sci. 2002 Mar 25;42(2):326-330.
      5. Second Moment Of The Husimi Distribution As A Measure Of Complexity Of Quantum States, Sugita A, Aiba H., Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics. 2002 Mar;65(3-2):036205.
      6. Study Finds Link Between TV Violence, Youth Behavior, NPR Audio, A new study in Science magazine finds that exposure to television violence during childhood leads to aggressive behavior in young adults. NPR's Rachel Jones reports for Morning Edition. March 29, 2002.
      7. Health: A Study Finds More Links Between TV and Violence
      8. Fending Off Sharks with an Electronic Shield, An Australian firm develops an electronic shark repellent that creates a force field around a swimmer. It's lighter than pods used now. All Things Considered host Liane Hansen talks to Michael Wescombe-Down of SeaChange Technology. March 29, 2002.
      9. Lemonade From Broken Amber, Science News, Week of March 30, 2002; Vol. 161, No. 13, Audible, The fossilized microbes found inside termites that have been encased in amber for 20 million years are remarkably similar to those found within the ancient insects' modern cousins.
      10. Extreme genome reduction in Buchnera spp.: Toward The Minimal Genome Needed For Symbiotic Life, Rosario Gil, Beatriz Sabater-Munoz, Amparo Latorre, Francisco J. Silva, Andres Moya, PNAS 2002;99 4454-4458
      11. Sexual Selection Driving Diversification In Jumping Spiders, Susan E. Masta, Wayne P. Maddison, PNAS 2002;99 4442-4447
      12. Nitrogen Availability Alters The Expression Of Carnivory In The Northern Pitcher Plant, Sarraceniapurpurea, Aaron M. Ellison, Nicholas J. Gotelli, PNAS 2002;99 4409-4412
      13. What Are Big Brains For?, Robert M. Seyfarth, Dorothy L. Cheney, PNAS 2002;99 4141-4142
      14. Leonardo Da Vinci's Contributions To Neuroscience, J. Pevsner, Trends in Neurosciences, 25, 4, pp:217-220, April,2002
        1. Supplementary materials on Leonardo da Vinci's Contributions to Neuroscience
      15. Towards A Macroscopic Modeling Of The Complexity In Traffic Flow, Phys Rev E, Rosswog S, Wagner P, Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics. 2002 Mar;65(3-2):036106.
      16. Spinning Eggs --- A Paradox Resolved, H K Moffatt, Y Shimomura, Nature
      17. Psilocybin And Schizophrenia Bring On The Voices, A. O. Scott, NYTimes Movies, 02/04/03
      18. Simulation Of The Ice Nucleation And Growth Process Leading To Water Freezing, M Matsumoto, S Saito, I Ohmine, Nature
      19. Snow Job All In A Day's Work For Physicist, The Associated Press/CNN
      20. Levels Of Complexity In Phonological Disorders: Evidence From Cantonese, Stokes SF., Clin Linguist Phon. 2002 Jan-Feb;16(1):35-57
      21. Spike-Timing-Dependent Synaptic Modification Induced By Natural Spike Trains, Robert C. Froemke, Yang Dan, Nature 416, 433 - 438 (2002)
      22. Agent Trade Servers In Financial Exchange Systems , David Lyback and Magnus Boman, arXiv Paper ID: cs.CE/0203023
      23. Modeling The Development Of Lexicon With A Growing Self-Organizing Map , Farkas, Igor and Li, Ping, CogPrints, 2002
      24. Fixing Unsaid Meanings , Rodrigo Agerri, Trends in Cognitive Sciences Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2002, pp. 149-150
      25. Family Wants Data Chips Implanted, A. Sainz, Associated Press, April 1, 2002
      26. An Overview Of Decoding Techniques For Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition,  X..L. Aubert, Computer Speech & Language, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 89-114(26), January 2002

    3. Webcast Announcements Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. 2002 Complex Systems Lecture Series, University of Alaska Anchorage
        1. Computation Of Chaos, Complexity, And Computability With Applications To Real World Problems, Julian Palmore, 02/04/05 (21:30GMT)
        2. The Particle Swarm Algorithm: Discoveries, Investigations, And New Frontiers, James Kennedy, 02/04/12 (19:00GMT)
      2. The Adaptive Enterprise in Action, The Center for Business Innovation, online until June 2002
      3. Center for Preventive Action Special Event, Kofi Annan, John W. Vessey, Webcast, 02/03/06

    4. Conference Announcements Bookmark and Share

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      2. AIS'2002: Towards Component-Based Modeling and Simulation, Lisbon, Portugal, 02/04/07-10
      3. Manufacturing Complexity Network Conference, Cambridge, UK, 02/04/09-10
      4. Modeling & Simulation of Microsystems (MSM 2002) & Intl. Conf on Comp Nano Science (ICCN 2002), San Juan, Puerto Rico, 02/04/22-25
      5. 'Introducing Complexity', The University of Liverpool, 02/04/24
      6. International Conference Ethics and Technological Complexity, Louvain-la-Neuve, 02/05/29-31
      7. PROTECTING THE HOMELAND: Lessons Learned and Policy Implications of 9/11, Washington, DC, 02/04/29-05/01
      8. World Conference NL 2002 - Networked Learning in a Global Environment: Challenges and Solutions for Virtual Education, Berlin, Germany, 02/05/01-04
      9. Electronic Conference on Foundations of Information Science: The Nature Of Information: Conceptions, Misconceptions, And Paradoxes, 02/05/06
      10. Managing Complex Organizations In A Complex World, Cambridge, MA, 02/05/09-10
      11. Mass Customisation: Strategies and Enabling Technology, U. Warwick, UK, 02/05/14-15
      12. International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS2002), Nashua, NH, 02/06/9-14
      13. Sitges Conference "Statistical Mechanics of Complex Networks", Sitges, Spain, 02/06/10-14
      14. Complex Systems: Control and Modeling Problems, Samara, Russia, 02/06/17
      15. International Conference SocioPhysics, ZIF - Bielefeld, Germany, 02/06/06-09
      16. 2nd International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL'02), Cambridge, Massachusetts USA, 02/06/12-15
      17. International Conference: Emergence in Chemical Systems, University of Alaska Anchorage, 02/06/20-23
      18. Let's Face Chaos Through Nonlinear Dynamics, Maribor, Slovenia, 02/06/30 - 07/14
      19. 7th International Conference on Music Perception & Cognition - ICMPC7, Sydney, 02/07/17-21
      20. Complexity and Philosophy, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA, 02/07/29-30
      21. 12th Ann Intl Conf Society For Chaos Theory in Psychology & Life Sciences: Chaos and Complexity in a Changing World, Portland, OR, USA, 02/08/01-04
      22. Self-Organisation and Evolution of Social Behaviour, Monte Verità, Switzerland, 02/09/08-13
      23. Complex Systems (CS02) Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 02/09/10-12
      24. 3rd Intl NAISO Symposium on Engineering Of Intelligent Systems (EIS 20020), Malaga, Spain, 02/09/24-27
      25. Seminar on Non-equilibrium Phenomena and Phase Transitions in Complex Systems, Avila, Spain, 02/09/24-28.
      26. ACRI 2002, 5th Intl Conf on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry, Geneva, Switzerland, 02/10/09-11 
      27. 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Simulated Evolution And Learning (SEAL'02), 9th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP'02), International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD'02), Singapore, 02/11/18-22
      28. Managing the Complex IV, Naples , FL, Early December 2002
      29. Artificial Life VIII, UNSW, Sydney, Australia, 02/12/09-13
      30. Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences (HICSS-36), Big Island, Hawaii, 03/01/06-09
      31. 21st ICDE World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Hong Kong, 03/06/01-05

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