Complexity Digest 2002.32

12-Aug-2002

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Content

  1. The Return Of Artificial Intelligence, The McKinsey Quarterly
  2. Chemistry Goes Green,, Science
    1. Green Chemistry: Science and Politics of Change, , Science
    2. Biodegradable Polymers for the Environment,, Science
  3. Violent Effects of Abuse Tied to Gene,, Science
    1. Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children, Science
    2. Resilient DNA: Gene May Brighten Future For Abused Kids, Science News
    3. Why Childhood Lasts, and Lasts and Lasts,, NYTimes
  4. Fat Chance: Cancer Drugs May Also Thwart Obesity, Science News
    1. A Sympathetic Defense Against Obesity,, Science
    2. Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Obesity Resistance,, Science
    3. Communicating Science-Based Food and Nutrition Information,, J. Nutr.
  5. Single-Cell Gene Expression Profiling,, Science
  6. Behavioural Evolution: Does Similarity Breed Cooperation?, Nature
    1. Response "Does Similarity Breed Cooperation?", Nature
  7. Dynamical Systems Game Theory II,, Physica D
  8. Hearing Sounds, Understanding Actions,, Science
  9. Singapore Snakes Fly Without Wings,, MSNBC News
    1. Gliding Flight In The Paradise Tree Snake, Nature
  10. Crows Prove They Are No Birdbrains, BBC News
    1. Birds Are Found To Be Clever Tool Makers, Alphagalileo
    2. Shaping of Hooks in New Caledonian Crows, Science
  11. Fractal Geometry Predicts Varying Body Size Scaling Relationships, Nature
  12. Nature 'Pays Biggest Dividends', BBC News
    1. Population's Response To Environmental Noise, Eco. Modelling
    2. Do Wildlife Passages Act As Prey-Traps?, Biol. Conservation
  13. In an Ancient Game, Computing's Future, NYTimes
  14. Emergent Sound Repertoires in Virtual Societies,, Computer Music Journal
  15. Rebooting Civilization II,, Edge
  16. Design Of Message-Carrying Chaotic Sequences, Nonlin Phen in Complex Sys.
    1. Information Approach To Separation Of Chaotic Signals, Nonlin Phen in Complex Sys.
  17. Illuminating The "Black Box": A Randomization Approach, Eco. Modelling
  18. Small Worlds: The Dynamics Of Networks Between Order And Disorder, UK Nonlinear News
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
    1. Meet Packbot: The Newest Recruit, CNN
    2. After Sept. 11, a Legal Battle Over Limits of Civil Liberty, NYTimes
    3. Could 9/11 Have Been Prevented?, Time
    4. Airlines, Airports Fault U.S. On Security, The Washington Post
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Other Publications
    2. Webcast Announcements
    3. Conference Announcements

  1. The Return Of Artificial Intelligence, The McKinsey Quarterly Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Artificial intelligence (...) is ready to provide solutions in the real business world.

    All AI systems share a few characteristics: they are designed to work with data sets that are large, complex, or both; to search through them and find relevant data; and to look for patterns. AI systems are useful for dealing with any dynamic environment in which they have to make intelligent choices, depending upon the input, among a number of possible answers. They also use samples to form generalizations about an entire data set and, in some cases, make or help make intelligent decisions.

     


  2. Chemistry Goes Green,, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: From plastics to pharmaceuticals to dry cleaning, many of life's comforts would be impossible without the chemical industry. Few people choose to live without the benefits of modern chemistry, but often the benefits are associated with other fields, such as medicine, materials, or engineering. Chemistry is more often associated in the public mind with pollution--from dioxins in waste incinerators to accidents in chemical factories, the biggest news about chemistry seems always to be bad.

    1. Green Chemistry: Science and Politics of Change, , Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: The chemical industry plays a key role in sustaining the world economy and underpinning future technologies, yet is under unprecedented pressure from the effects of globalization and change in many of its traditional markets. Against this background, what will be needed for the industry to embrace efforts to make it "greener"? We explore some of the issues raised by the development of "green chemistry" techniques and identify potential barriers to their implementation by industry.


    2. Biodegradable Polymers for the Environment,, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Extraordinary progress has been made in the development of practical processes and products from polymers such as starch, cellulose, and lactic acid. The need to create alternative biodegradable water-soluble polymers for down-the-drain products such as detergents and cosmetics has taken on increasing importance. Consumers have, however, thus far attached little or no added value to the property of biodegradability, forcing industry to compete head-to-head on a cost-performance basis with existing familiar products. In addition, no suitable infrastructure for the disposal of biodegradable materials exists as yet.


  3. Violent Effects of Abuse Tied to Gene,, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Some children who suffer physical, sexual, or emotional abuse become violent adults. But many do not. Now a new study of both genetics and social surroundings points to the influence of a particular genotype on aggressive behavior in young adults from a troubled background.

    The gene codes for an enzyme called monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), which metabolizes several kinds of neurotransmitters in the brain. By getting rid of excess neurotransmitters, MAOA helps keep communication between neurons functioning smoothly.


    1. Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: We studied a large sample of male children from birth to adulthood to determine why some children who are maltreated grow up to develop antisocial behavior, whereas others do not. A functional polymorphism in the gene encoding the neurotransmitter-metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) was found to moderate the effect of maltreatment. Maltreated children with a genotype conferring high levels of MAOA expression were less likely to develop antisocial problems. These findings may partly explain why not all victims of maltreatment grow up to victimize others, and they provide epidemiological evidence that genotypes can moderate children's sensitivity to environmental insults.


    2. Resilient DNA: Gene May Brighten Future For Abused Kids, Science News Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Summary: A long-term study in New Zealand indicates that a genetic variation associated with high concentrations of certain brain chemicals protects abused children from becoming violent and impulsive later in life.

    3. Why Childhood Lasts, and Lasts and Lasts,, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: If children were constrained by skillfulness rather than by size, they said, then the differences between adults and children should show up in measures of success in fishing tasks requiring keen cognitive powers, and they did not. (...) again found that children were adept hunters by the age of 5 or 6, and thereafter success was measured not by age, but by size.

      Why, then, do children grow slowly and stay small? The researchers suggest that it is related to our so-called life history.


  4. Fat Chance: Cancer Drugs May Also Thwart Obesity, Science News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: A promising class of anticancer-drug candidates, which work by depriving growing tumors of needed blood vessels, also prevent obesity or cause dramatic weight loss in rodents. This discovery rests upon the unappreciated fact that fat tissue, like a tumor, requires an increased blood supply to grow, (...).

    The new study stemmed from Rupnick's desire to study angiogenesis in healthy adult tissues. The conventional view, however, was that (...) adult animals rarely need new blood vessels except during specialized circumstances, such as wound healing and reproduction.


    1. A Sympathetic Defense Against Obesity,, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Exerpt: But we also know from overfeeding experiments that humans vary in their capacity to resist weight gain because of varying abilities to convert food directly into heat, a process called diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). The magnitude of this apparent "energy wastage" is determined by the genetic makeup of the individual and by the composition of their diet. Identifying components of the body's autoregulatory system that induce DIT will help us to understand the genetic and metabolic basis of susceptibility to obesity, and to develop better anti-obesity therapies.

    2. Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Obesity Resistance,, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Excessive caloric intake is thought to be sensed by the brain, which then activates thermogenesis as a means of preventing obesity. (...), we created mice that lack the three known ARs ( -less mice). (...) On a high-fat diet, -less mice, in contrast to wild-type mice, developed massive obesity that was due entirely to a failure of diet-induced thermogenesis. These findings establish that ARs are necessary for diet-induced thermogenesis and that this efferent pathway plays a critical role in the body's defense against diet-induced obesity.

    3. Communicating Science-Based Food and Nutrition Information,, J. Nutr. Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: Science evolves. Ongoing research, review and debate generate novel ideas and provide new insights to current scientific understanding. However, science is frequently reported to the public without context, which creates confusion. One study seemingly contradicts another, leaving consumers to doubt both scientific experts and science. This paper highlights quantitative and qualitative data to illustrate consumer confusion, frustration and apathy toward nutrition science and health information. Further, this paper shows how science communications and health advice can be tailored for specific audiences and, importantly, how scientists themselves can help the media understand and position research to minimize consumer confusion.


  5. Single-Cell Gene Expression Profiling,, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: How do gene expression patterns change when a cell is perturbed, for example, by exposure to a pathogen or a drug? Although current chip-based methods (...) have provided researchers with a powerful tool for addressing this question, these methods require disruption of cellular architecture, (...). By combining elements of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microarray technology, Levsky et al. (p. 836) have developed a technique that allows them to visualize the transcription of many genes simultaneously inside a single cell--essentially using the cell nucleus as a "chip."

  6. Behavioural Evolution: Does Similarity Breed Cooperation?, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Excerpt: In the system of Riolo et al. [see Complexity Digest 2001.48.5, Ed.] clusters of cooperating agents with similar tags arise intermittently, only to be undermined by agents that reduce their tolerance level, T, such that they accept more donations than they offer. However, there is a limit to such cheating imposed by the minimum T = 0. This means that when individuals with identical tags interact, they must always donate. (...)

    We found that introducing the realistic option of non-donation had a catastrophic effect on cooperation.


    1. Response "Does Similarity Breed Cooperation?", Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts:  Although they [Gilbert Roberts & Thomas N. Sherratt, Ed] are correct in noting that in our model an agent will always donate when it meets another with an identical tag, we do not believe that their basic claim is correct.(...)

      We find that if mutations are not biased as strongly towards 'never donate', as in their version of the model, similarity can indeed breed cooperation. Whether it does, and to what extent, depends on several factors, including the rate at which 'never donate' agents are created, the number of pairings, (...).


  7. Dynamical Systems Game Theory II,, Physica D Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The "social dilemma" is a problem inherent in forming and maintaining cooperation among selfish individuals, and is of fundamental importance in the biological and social sciences. (...) To answer questions concerning appearance and maintenance of cooperative behavior in societies, we study what we call the "Lumberjacks' Dilemma (LD) game", as an application of the dynamical systems (DS) game theory (...) It is demonstrated that norms for cooperation are formed as strategies that are manifested as specific attractors of game dynamics. The change in the stability of this cooperative behavior as the number of members increases is also discussed.

     


  8. Hearing Sounds, Understanding Actions,, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Many object-related actions can be recognized by their sound. We found neurons in monkey premotor cortex that discharge when the animal performs a specific action and when it hears the related sound. (...). These audiovisual mirror neurons code actions independently of whether these actions are performed, heard, or seen. This discovery in the monkey homolog of Broca's area [One of the most important brain regions for speech production in humans, Ed.] might shed light on the origin of language: audiovisual mirror neurons code abstract contents--the meaning of actions--and have the auditory access typical of human language to these contents.

  9. Singapore Snakes Fly Without Wings,, MSNBC News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Editor's Note: Seen as an airfoil, snakes can have a very large aspect ratio (if they fly "sideways") that should give them excellent glide ratios. Measured glide ratios of about 3:1, (i.e. 3m glide for 1m sink) are approaching those of modern ("square") parachutes and provide them with a tolerable decent rate of ~3m/s. Using body-deformation instead of control surfaces also seems to be a highly efficient method of flight control.

    Excerpts: The snake flattens its body as it flies, forming a slightly concave lower surface. (...) The snake steers, not by banking as in an airplane, but changing the pattern of how it slithers and undulates. (...) The paradise tree snake, or Chrysopelea paradisi, lives in trees and has no appendages, so it forms its body into an "S" shape to keep it gliding through the air. (...) Its glide ratio - how far it travels horizontally compared to how far it falls vertically - is comparable to flying squirrels and lizards.


    1. Gliding Flight In The Paradise Tree Snake, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: Most vertebrate gliders, such as flying squirrels, use symmetrically paired 'wings' to generate lift during flight, but flying snakes (genus Chrysopelea) have no such appendages or other obvious morphological specializations to assist them in their aerial movements. Here I describe the three-dimensional kinematics of gliding by the paradise tree snake, Chrysopelea paradisi, which indicate that the aerial behaviour of this snake is unlike that of any other glider and that it can exert remarkable control over the direction it takes, despite an apparent lack of control surfaces.


  10. Crows Prove They Are No Birdbrains, BBC News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: He watched as Betty spontaneously bent a straight piece of wire and used it to retrieve a snack. (...) Betty was able to bend the wire and get at the food nine times out of ten.

    "Although many animals use tools, purposeful modification of objects to solve new problems, without training or prior experience, is virtually unknown," adds Professor Kacelnik.

    He says experiments with primates, who are much closer relatives of humans than birds, have failed to show any deliberate tool making and human-like understanding of basic physical laws.


    1. Birds Are Found To Be Clever Tool Makers, Alphagalileo Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Birds may have a basic understanding of physics, recent research by Oxford zoologists suggests. (...) the researchers report the findings of an experiment in which New Caledonian crows bent wires to make hooks appropriate to retrieve food from a cylinder. This is the first time any animal has been found to show some understanding of cause and effect, and to make a new tool for a specific task. The experiment built on a chance observation, when a captive female crow spontaneously bent a piece of wire and successfully used it to lift food from a vertical pipe.

    2. Shaping of Hooks in New Caledonian Crows, Science Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: Many animals use tools, but their understanding of physical forces or causal relations is unclear (1, 2). Primates are considered the most versatile and complex tool users, but observations of New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) (3-5) raise the possibility that these birds may rival nonhuman primates in tool-related cognitive capabilities.

      We report here an experiment inspired by the observation that a captive female spontaneously bent a piece of straight wire into a hook and successfully used it to lift a bucket containing food from a vertical pipe.


  11. Fractal Geometry Predicts Varying Body Size Scaling Relationships, Nature Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpt: Scaling laws that describe complex interactions between organisms and their environment as a function of body size offer exciting potential for synthesis in biology. Home range size, or the area used by individual organisms, is a critical ecological variable that integrates behavior, physiology and population density and strongly depends on organism size. Here we present a new model of home range-body size scaling based on fractal resource distributions, in which resource encounter rates are a function of body size.

  12. Nature 'Pays Biggest Dividends', BBC News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: The cash return from conserving wild places is far higher than the gains made from developing them, researchers say. (...) The authors looked at five converted ecosystems: (...)

    Overall, they say, roughly half of an ecosystem's total economic value is lost when it is converted from its wild state to human use.

    They found that in each of the five case studies the loss of services such as storm and flood protection, atmospheric carbon sinks, hunting and tourism outweighed the marketed benefits that came with conversion.


    1. Population's Response To Environmental Noise, Eco. Modelling Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: We have constructed a new general model of three-species food web with environmental noise by extending a simple three-species food chain model with omnivory. With this general model, the dynamical behavior of each population in four typical three-species food web structures has been numerically simulated and analyzed. The simulation results demonstrate that food web structure has significant influence on the responses of the web components to noise. This paper also implies that the responses of populations in a food web to environmental noise are determined by environmental noise, internal dynamics, and the basic food web structure (...).


    2. Do Wildlife Passages Act As Prey-Traps?, Biol. Conservation Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: A number of studies have proposed that wildlife passages beneath roads and railway lines might be exploited by mammalian predators as `prey-traps' with prey-species being effectively funnelled into areas of high concentration. This proposition has raised the possibility that use of passages by predators may reduce the effectiveness of passages in conserving other forms of wildlife. (...) conclude that evidence for the existence of prey-traps is scant, largely anecdotal and tends to indicate infrequent opportunism rather than the establishment of patterns of recurring predation. Conversely, there is some evidence that predator species use different passages than their prey.


  13. In an Ancient Game, Computing's Future, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: (...) Deep Blue not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at the time. That is because chess, while highly complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. To date, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player.

     


  14. Emergent Sound Repertoires in Virtual Societies,, Computer Music Journal Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Summary:Computer simulations wherein musical forms may originate and evolve in artificially created worlds is an effective way to study the origins and evolution of music. A simulation has been designed, in which a society of distributed and autonomous but cooperative software agents can evolve sound repertoires from scratch, by interacting with one another. This simulation demonstrated the powerful role of mimetic interaction for music evolution in artificial societies. Hints for using such mimetic mechanism to evolve grammars for sound sequencing is also presented.

  15. Rebooting Civilization II,, Edge Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Excerpts: Concepts of information and computation have infiltrated a wide range of sciences, from physics and cosmology, to cognitive psychology, to evolutionary biology, to genetic engineering. Such innovations as the binary code, the bit, and the algorithm have been applied in ways that reach far beyond the programming of computers, and are being used to understand such mysteries as the origins of the universe, the operation of the human body, and the working of the mind. (...)

    A new and unified language of science is beginning to emerge.


  16. Design Of Message-Carrying Chaotic Sequences, Nonlin Phen in Complex Sys. Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: The problem of the possibility of the message presentation as a signal whose structure is similar to the structure of a chaotic signal produced by given dynamical system is stated and investigated. In other words, can we use the chaotic system as an encoder that transforms the message signal into the chaotic signal? The method in which such encoding (and corresponding decoding) can be realized is given. The obtained results show an opportunity of the message transmission using the chaotic signals without increase of a channel capacity.

    1. Information Approach To Separation Of Chaotic Signals, Nonlin Phen in Complex Sys. Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Abstract: The problem of separation of the sum of chaotic signals into individual components in the presence of noise is considered. An existence of a noise threshold above which high-quality separation is impossible is shown. This effect is justified on the basis of information theory and a theoretical estimate is given for the threshold. A method for signal separation is proposed, which uses iteration of the chaotic sources equations in reverse time. The method allows to approach the theoretical limit threshold.

  17. Illuminating The "Black Box": A Randomization Approach, Eco. Modelling Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Abstract: artificial neural networks (ANNs) (...) also been labeled a "black box" because they provide little explanatory insight into the relative influence of the independent variables in the prediction process. In this study, we describe a number of methods for understanding the mechanics of ANNs. Next, we propose and demonstrate a randomization approach for statistically assessing the importance of axon connection weights (...) with the ability to eliminate null-connections between neurons whose weights do not significantly influence the network output, thus facilitating the interpretation of individual and interacting contributions of the input variables in the network.

  18. Small Worlds: The Dynamics Of Networks Between Order And Disorder, UK Nonlinear News Next Article Bookmark and Share

    Book Review: In one form or another the "small worlds" (...) in the context of social interactions it refers to the idea that if you pick any two people at random there is a good chance that they are connected by a short path of mutual acquaintances.
    >(...) try and deliver packets to a specific recipient in another part of the country. Senders were only allowed to post packets to someone whom they knew by first name (...). Milgram found that the median number of links was around 5, despite the fact that at each stage senders could only select what they thought was the next best link (...).

  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Meet Packbot: The Newest Recruit, CNN Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Clearing caves and checking buildings are the main missions for the U.S. Army's latest recruit to the ranks at Bagram airbase in Afghanistan. (...)

      Components for the $45,000 Packbots are usually available commercially. "The way commercial, off-the-shelf products are developing now you really can't take that long, because once you get to a certain level the industry has bypassed you," (...)

      Ongoing projects with the two prototypes include fitting Packbot with guns, grenades, chemical-agent testing and more cameras.


    2. After Sept. 11, a Legal Battle Over Limits of Civil Liberty, NYTimes Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: Today, it is believed that only a handful of the two dozen material witnesses, perhaps as few as two, are still being detained.

      (...)ruled that the use of the law "to detain people who are presumed innocent under our Constitution in order to prevent potential crimes is an illegitimate use of the statute." (...)

      "Since 1789," Judge Scheindlin said, "no Congress has granted the government the authority to imprison an innocent person in order to guarantee that he will testify before a grand jury conducting a criminal investigation."


    3. Could 9/11 Have Been Prevented?, Time Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpt: It is quite true that nobody predicted Sept. 11-that nobody guessed in advance how and when the attacks would come. But other things are true too. By last summer, many of those in the know-the spooks, the buttoned-down bureaucrats, the law-enforcement professionals in a dozen countries-were almost frantic with worry that a major terrorist attack against American interests was imminent. It wasn't averted because 2001 saw a systematic collapse in the ability of Washington's national-security apparatus to handle the terrorist threat.

       

      Editor's Note: It is not clear if the described problems of lacking communication structures between security agents would be solved by creating the new super-department on homeland security.


    4. Airlines, Airports Fault U.S. On Security, The Washington Post Next Article Bookmark and Share

      Excerpts: The federal government has made few changes to the system for alerting airlines and airports about terrorist threats. While Congress has budgeted billions of dollars for revamping baggage and passenger screening and mounted investigations into how agencies share intelligence, the aviation community continues to complain that it is out of the loop.(...)

      The lack of coordination among federal agencies has alarmed some in the airline industry. In e-mails, pilots and other crew members regularly warn one another about strange incidents that they fear indicate ongoing terrorist activity.


  20. Links & Snippets Next Article Bookmark and Share

    1. Other Publications Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. Research Helps Explain Why Perception Of Pleasure Decreases With Chronic Cocaine Use, ScienceDaily, Posted 8/2/2002
      2. Nasa Space Launch Initiativeˇ¦s Next Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle May Fly On Kerosene, ScienceDaily, Posted 8/6/2002
      3. Pattern Formation In Acoustic Cavitation, A.A. Doinikov, Nonlin. Phenomena in Complex Sys., Vol.5, No.1, pp.71-77,2002
      4. Underwater Sounds Near A Fuel Receiving Facility In Western Hong Kong: Relevance To Dolphins, B. Würsig   & C.R. Greene Jr., Marine Environmental Research , Vol. 54 (2), pp.129-145, 2002
      5. Dynamics Of Feeding Preferences By A Predator, V.V. Sukhanov  & A.M. Omelko, Ecological Modelling, Vol. 154 (3), pp. 203 - 206, 2002
      6. Does That Cut Really Need Stitches?, E. Wilkinson, Alphagalileo, 07 August 2002
      7. Geographic Data Essential for Sustainable Development, National Academies' Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Report, The U.S. should continue to provide satellite images and other geographic data to researchers in other nations to support sustainable development and natural resources management.
      8. U.S. Takes Aim at Snakehead Invaders, National Academies' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Report, The U.S. Department of the Interior plans to list 28 types of snakehead fish as injurious species, banning their importation and interstate transportation without a special permit.
      9. Image Processing Using Light-Sensitive Chemical Waves, N.G. Rambidi, K.E. Shamayaev and G.Yu. Peshkov, Physics Letters A 298(5-6) (2002) 375-382
      10. Single-Pulse Coherently Controlled Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy And Microscopy, Nirit Dudovich, Dan Oron & Yaron Silberberg, Nature 418, (2002)
      11. The Evolution Of Inaccurate Mimics, Rufus A. Johnstone, Nature 418, 524 - 526 (2002); doi:10.1038/nature00845
      12. The Endogenous Cannabinoid System Controls Extinction Of Aversive Memories, Giovanni Marsicano, Carsten T. Wotjak, Shahnaz C. Azad, Tiziana, Bisogno, Gerhard Rammes, Maria Grazia Cascio, Heike Hermann, Jianrong, Tang, Clementine Hofmann, Walter Zieglgänsberger, Vincenzo Di Marzo & Beat Lutz, Nature 418, (2002)
      13. Playstation 3 Chip Nears Completion, John G. Spooner, CNET News.com, 02/08/06
      14. Scientific Uncertainty: When Doubt Is A Sure Thing, Jim Giles, Nature 418, 476 - 478 (2002); doi:10.1038/418476a
      15. Antibody Catalysis: Completing The Circle, P. G. Schultz & R. A. Lerner, Nature 418, 485 (2002); doi:10.1038/418485a
      16. Neurobiology: Never Fear, Cannabinoids Are Here, Pankaj Sah, Nature 418, 488 - 489 (2002); doi:10.1038/418488b
      17. Prime Solution Wows The Math World, Scientists Say Algorithm Offers 'Foolproof' Way To Find Primes, Associated Press, New Delhi, 02/08/09, Indian computer scientists say they have solved a mathematical problem that has eluded researchers for 2,200 years - and could be crucial in modern times in improving computer configurations.
      18. The Trees Fight Back, The Economist, 02/07/04, Should old media embrace blogging?

    2. Webcast Announcements Next Article Bookmark and Share

      1. New: Audio Files Available From Smallpox Vaccination Forum, The National Academies' Institute of Medicine, 02/08/08
      2. Brookings Report Urges Congress to Revise President Bush's Homeland Security Proposal, A Brookings Press Briefing, 02/07/15, Event Video
      3. International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS2002), Nashua, NH, 02/06/09-14 (video + mp3 downloadable audio)
      4. Understanding Complex Systems: Symposium Complexity in Physical and Biological Structures, Medicine & Ecology, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 02/05/13-15
      5. ROBOT: The Future of Flesh and Machine, Rodney A. Brooks, MIT AI Lab, Talk given at the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences of the University of Sussex, May 14th, 2002.
      6. Introducing Complexity, The University of Liverpool ,02/04/24, (mp3 web-cast and audio download, contributed by Carlos Gershenson)
      7. Dean LeBaron's Archive of Daily Video Commentary, Ongoing Since February 1998

    3. Conference Announcements Bookmark and Share

      1. FROM ANIMALS TO ANIMATS 7 The Seventh International Conference on the SIMULATION OF ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR (SAB'02), Edinburgh, UK, 02/08/04-11
      2. New Directions in Dynamical Systems, Kyoto, Japan, 02/08/05-15
      3. International Workshop on Meta-Synthesis and Complex Systems, Shanghai, China, 02/08/07-08
      4. International Workshop on Biologically Inspired Robotics: The Legacy of W. Grey Walter, Bristol, UK, 02/08/14-16
      5. Transforming Government: Challenges, Strategies, Programs, McLean, VA, August 22-23, 2002
      6. 7th Experimental Chaos Conference, San Diego, USA, 02/08/25-29
      7. Econophysics Conference, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 02/08/29-31
      8. Self-Organisation and Evolution of Social Behaviour, Monte Verità, Switzerland, 02/09/08-13
      9. Complex Systems (CS02) Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 02/09/10-12
      10. 3rd Intl NAISO Symposium on Engineering Of Intelligent Systems (EIS 20020), Malaga, Spain, 02/09/24-27
      11. Seminar on Non-equilibrium Phenomena and Phase Transitions in Complex Systems, Avila, Spain, 02/09/24-28.
      12. ACRI 2002, 5th Intl Conf on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry, Geneva, Switzerland, 02/10/09-11 
      13. Healthy Organizations & Leadership: What We Can Learn From Complexity Science, Flemington, NJ, 02/09/ 27-28
      14. Dynamical Systems Methods for Advanced Diagnosis and Prognosis, 39th Annual Technical Meeting of the Society of Engineering Science, University Park, Pennsylvania, 02/10/13-16
      15. 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Simulated Evolution And Learning (SEAL'02), 9th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP'02), International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD'02), Singapore, 02/11/18-22
      16. International Conference on Systems, Development and Self-Organization (ICSDS'2002 ),Beijing, 02/11/30-12/01
      17. Managing the Complex IV, Naples , FL, Early December 2002
      18. Artificial Life VIII, UNSW, Sydney, Australia, 02/12/09-13
        1. 1st Workshop on the Modelling of Dynamical Hierarchies in Alife (WDH 2002)
      19. Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences (HICSS-36), Big Island, Hawaii, 03/01/06-09
      20. INSC 2003, International Nonlinear Sciences Conference Research and Applications in the Life Sciences,Vienna, Austria, 03/02/07-09
      21. 21st ICDE World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Hong Kong, 03/06/01-05
      22. 2003 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2003), Chicago, IL,03/07/12-16

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