%0 Book Section %B Handobook on Complexity and Public Policy %D 2015 %T Modelling Complexity for Policy: Opportunities and Challenges %A Bruce Edmonds %A Carlos Gershenson %E Robert Geyer %E Paul Cairney %B Handobook on Complexity and Public Policy %I Edward Elgar %P 205-220 %G eng %& 13 %0 Book Section %B How the world computes : Turing Centenary Conference and 8th Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2012, Cambridge, UK, June 18-23, 2012. Proceedings %D 2012 %T Learning, Social Intelligence and the {Turing} Test - why an ``out-of-the-box" {Turing} Machine will not pass the {Turing} Test. %A Bruce Edmonds %A Carlos Gershenson %E S. Barry Cooper %E Anuj Dawar %E Benedikt Löwe %X The Turing Test (TT) checks for human intelligence, rather than any putative general intelligence. It involves repeated interaction requiring learning in the form of adaption to the human conversation partner. It is a macro-level post-hoc test in contrast to the definition of a Turing Machine (TM), which is a prior micro-level definition. This raises the question of whether learning is just another computational process, i.e. can be implemented as a TM. Here we argue that learning or adaption is fundamentally different from computation, though it does involve processes that can be seen as computations. To illustrate this difference we compare (a) designing a TM and (b) learning a TM, defining them for the purpose of the argument. We show that there is a well-defined sequence of problems which are not effectively designable but are learnable, in the form of the bounded halting problem. Some characteristics of human intelligence are reviewed including it's: interactive nature, learning abilities, imitative tendencies, linguistic ability and context-dependency. A story that explains some of these is the Social Intelligence Hypothesis. If this is broadly correct, this points to the necessity of a considerable period of acculturation (social learning in context) if an artificial intelligence is to pass the TT. Whilst it is always possible to 'compile' the results of learning into a TM, this would not be a designed TM and would not be able to continually adapt (pass future TTs). We conclude three things, namely that: a purely "designed" TM will never pass the TT; that there is no such thing as a general intelligence since it necessary involves learning; and that learning/adaption and computation should be clearly distinguished. %B How the world computes : Turing Centenary Conference and 8th Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2012, Cambridge, UK, June 18-23, 2012. Proceedings %S Lecture Notes in Computer Science %I Springer-Verlag %C Berlin Heidelberg %V 7318/2012 %P 182–192 %G eng %U http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.3376 %R 10.1007/978-3-642-30870-3_18 %0 Book %B Worldviews, Science and Us %D 2007 %T Philosophy and Complexity %E Carlos Gershenson %E Diederik Aerts %E Bruce Edmonds %X Scientific, technological, and cultural changes have always had an impact upon philosophy. They can force a change in the way we perceive the world, reveal new kinds of phenomena to be understood, and provide new ways of understanding phenomena. Complexity science, immersed in a culture of information, is having a diverse but particularly significant impact upon philosophy. Previous ideas do not necessarily sit comfortably with the new paradigm, resulting in new ideas or new interpretations of old ideas. In this unprecedented interdisciplinary volume, researchers from different backgrounds join efforts to update thinking upon philosophical questions with developments in the scientific study of complex systems. The contributions focus on a wide range of topics, but share the common goal of increasing our understanding and improving our descriptions of our complex world. This revolutionary debate includes contributions from leading experts, as well as young researchers proposing fresh ideas. %B Worldviews, Science and Us %I World Scientific %C Singapore %G eng %U http://www.worldscibooks.com/chaos/6372.html